政治修辞、安全化与美国对华政策的调整  

Political Rhetoric,Securitization and the Revision of the US’s China Policy

作　　者：岳圣淞 Yue Shengsong(the National Institute of International Strategy,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院亚太与全球战略研究院,北京100003

出　　处：《世界经济与政治》2021年第7期78-103,158,159,共28页World Economics and Politics

基　　金：2020年国家社会科学基金后期资助暨优秀博士论文项目“政治修辞与美国对华政策的调整(1993—2018)”(项目批准号:20FYB028)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：安全化理论在对外政策中的运用令研究者得以从决策视角出发探寻主观因素对安全议题演化进程的影响,在分析决策者认知和判定政策走向方面发挥了重要作用。在美国对华政策的研究中,安全化理论强调美国对华威胁感知水平的主动提升推动了其对华身份建构模式的转变,令中美此前试图长期维系的有限的"我们感"身份认同在美国强制推行的对华"他者化"身份建构中遭到破坏,将原本限于物质层面的摩擦抬升至价值观层面,进而持续升级对华战略打压。囿于理论局限,既往研究未能回答主体安全观念如何转变为主体间安全行为这一根本问题,因而无法充分解释美国对华政策中的安全化实践机制。通过借鉴政治修辞理论,作者尝试在话语路径下搭建起一个分析对外政策安全化和去安全化的动态框架,为美国对华政策从决策者认知向政策实践转化的过程提供一以贯之的解释逻辑。政策话语交锋已成为中美博弈的新场域,深刻洞悉安全化理论进展和准确把握安全化运作规律有助于加深对美国对华政策调整动因与方式的理解,亦可为中国安全治理方略的优化及对外话语战略的完善提供参考。Ever since the securitization theory has been applied in foreign policy analysis,observers in this field are able to investigate the cause,momentum and evolution of security-relevant policies via the perspective of decision-making.The adoption of securitization framework also makes it possible for analysts to predict policy tendency and its impact for certain state-to-state relations.In interpreting the revision of US’s china policy,the securitization theory argues that it is the unilateral increase of the US’s threat perceptions toward China that leads to the structural transformation of the US’s identity cognition toward China,which strengthens its willingness of enlarging the scope of US-China frictions from only the material field to a wider range of ideological competition.Inspiring as the viewpoint is,the existing literature in terms of securitization theory fails to further explain that how exactly the US decision makers"securitized"China as a pressing"threat"to the US’s fundamental national security interests,and how they successfully acquired the authorization of getting tough on China by"all necessary steps"through certain policy discourse.Drawing from the inspirations from the political rhetoric theory(PRT),this essay intends to provide an alternative explanation to the US securitization and de-securitization actions in the process of making China policy.It is of theoretical values to revisit the securitization theory in the most typical and practical case of US’s policy turn vis-a-vis China,since China-US relationship has indisputably become one of the most significant bilateral ties.As for China,considering its growing importance on the world stage as well as its consistently expanding international interests,it is essential to further improve its security strategy in foreign policy through a better knowledge of security studies in IR theories.

关 键 词：安全化理论 对外政策分析 政治修辞 美国对华政策 中美关系 

分 类 号：D815[政治法律—国际关系]