维吾尔语中性词干的音系功能——兼论音系存在的客观性  

The Phonological Function of Neutral Stems in Uyghur and Its Implication for the Existence of Phonology

作　　者：李兵[1] LI Bing(linguistics at the College of Foreign Languages,Nankai University)

机构地区：[1]南开大学外国语学院

出　　处：《当代语言学》2021年第3期342-364,共23页Contemporary Linguistics

摘　　要：在维吾尔语的词干控制型腭和谐过程中,中性词干和和谐词干具有完全相同的音系功能。共时和历时事实支持中性词干语素的底层形式包含和谐特征[±后]的假设。基于对中性词干和中性元音的描写,文章采用经典生成音系学的以规则为基础的非线性自主音段方法描述了中性词干对后缀元音交替的音系功能。共时和历时事实支持维吾尔语里存在绝对中和规则的假设。语音层面上的中性元音和中性词干是绝对中和规则的产物。分析还演示了元音(腭)和谐规则、绝对中和规则、小舌化规则、音段复制规则和a-前化规则的应用。这些规则的按序应用不仅能够推导出多样的语素变体形式,而且能够清晰说明音系晦暗形式的来源。以语言事实和分析为基础,文章讨论了和谐特征和绝对中和规则(以及其他规则)的客观存在。元音和谐过程发生在抽象的表达层次上,是在抽象层次上对语素音系形式特点和音系机制的真实概括。任何对表层语音特点进行归纳和概括的方法无助于描写复杂的元音和谐现象,更无法揭示维吾尔语中性词干决定后缀元音交替的音系功能及相关现象。The neutral stems play the same phonological function as the harmonic stems do in the process of palatal harmony, a stem control type of harmony, in Uyghur. Synchronic and diachronic evidence strongly supports the assumption that both surface harmonic stems and surface neutral stems are underlyingly specified with the harmonic feature [ !back]as one of the phonological components of the stem morpheme. With the classical generative rule-based autosegmental approach, analyses are made into suffix vowel alternations triggered by the neutral stems and into other processes interacting with palatal harmony.Synchronic and diachronic facts also support the assumption that the surface neutrality of the vowel/i/is the natural consequence of an actively functional absolute neutralization rule( ANR). It is demonstrated that a UR form can be derived into various SR forms by an ordered application of VH rule, ANR, uvularization rule, segment-copy rule and a-fronting rule. Opaque forms occurring in the process of derivation and the gapped configuration formed by the surface neutral vowel are also formally accounted for. The empirical facts relevant to vowel harmony in Uyghur and the analyses given to these facts robustly drive us to the conclusion that vowel harmony takes place at some abstract level, where the harmonic feature [ !back]exists and functions and that VH rule and ANR( and other rules as well)are true generalizations about the phonological representations at the different levels of abstractness. Without the concept of the existence of phonological entities and rules at an abstract level, any surface-orientated approach would fail to make any meaningful generalization about vowel harmony in general, and neutral stem-triggered suffix vowel alternation in Uyghur, in particular.

关 键 词：维吾尔语 腭和谐 中性元音 中性词干 音系 

分 类 号：H215[语言文字—少数民族语言]