试论低平调的语音变体——以开封方言去声为例  

On the Phonetic Variants of the L-tone:Evidence from the Kaifeng Mandarin Qu-tone

作　　者：王磊 梁洁 WANG Lei;LIANG Jie(the School of Foreign Languages,East China University of Science and Technology)

机构地区：[1]华东理工大学外国语学院

出　　处：《当代语言学》2021年第3期433-448,共16页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：华东理工大学探索研究基金(JKS012022003);青年英才计划经费支持。

摘　　要：本研究为开封方言去声提供详细的声学数据并运用对立增强理论来解释发现的变异。以往研究对开封方言去声的描写具有312和31两种看法。通过精细的语音数据分析,我们发现开封方言的去声声学表现可以归纳为31、311以及312三种变体。每种形式与特定的发音人挂钩。我们认为这种发音人之间的变异是前人研究分歧的主要来源。这种变异来源于发音人为了增强低调音系特征而采取的不同语音实现手段。除了基频上的变异,低平调相比其他声调具有较长的时长,发音更易出现嘎裂声。我们认为感知上低平调与高平调相比处于弱势地位,因此需要借助其他语音手段,如基频起始部分的下降段以及基频末尾部分的升高来凸显低调目标。低降调和凹调为低平调常见的语音变体。将开封方言去声描写为音系层面的低平调L可以为开封方言连上变调和连去变调提供自然而且一致性的结构解释。本研究还表明声调的音系学描写具有一定抽象性,并不等同于声调语音调值的形式化。本研究加深了人们对音系学与语音学关系以及对低平调的认识。This investigation provides detailed acoustic information on the realization of the qu-tone in Kaifeng Mandarin,which has been transcribed either as 312 or 31 in the literature,and evaluates the variation that is encountered in terms of contrast enhancement of an L-tone.Fine-grained phonetic data from a carefully designed multi-speaker acoustic study shows that qu-tone in citation forms has three speaker-dependent f0 patterns,referred to as 31,311 and 312,respectively.It is argued that this inter-speaker variation lies behind the divergent characterizations that have been provided for this tone in the literature and these different phonetic forms represent interspeaker strategies to make the L-tone more perceptually salient.In addition to F0 features,the low tone also has the greatest rhyme duration as well as creak of various degrees.It is suggested that the perception of low tones is inherently more vulnerable than that of high tones,and thus tends to rely on other phonetic parameters,e.g.,the F0 initial fall and final rise,to enhance the salience of the low target.It is argued that a low fall and a dip are common variants of a phonological L-tone.The representation of Kaifeng Mandarin qu-tone as L provides a natural and uniform analysis for the phonetic behavior of Kaifeng Mandarin sandhi tones.This investigation also suggests the abstractness in the phonological analysis of tones,namely that the phonological representation of tones may deviate from their phonetic values.This investigation has led to a deeper understanding of the relationship between phonetics and phonology as well as the phonological L-tone in general.

关 键 词：开封方言 低平调 音系表征 人际变异 

分 类 号：H172.1[语言文字—汉语]