WTO改革中的发展中成员地位认定问题  

The Status of Developing Members in WTO Reform

作　　者：张军旗[1] 田书凡 Zhang Junqi;Tian Shufan

机构地区：[1]上海财经大学法学院

出　　处：《国际经济评论》2021年第4期92-114,6,7,共25页International Economic Review

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“‘逆全球化’风潮下国际贸易法治的困境、出路及中国的选择研究”(项目编号:18BFX207)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：WTO改革中有关发展中成员地位认定的争议主要集中在三方面:是否应当细化发展中成员的分类,发展中成员的认定方式,以及认定标准的确定。WTO三分之二的成员宣称其为发展中成员,并据此享有"特殊和差别待遇"。而普惠制下的发展中国家(受惠国)则由发达国家(给惠国)单方面决定。传统的发达国家与发展中国家两分法已经不能反映各国发展水平的差异,自我宣示和普惠制下的发达国家单方面认定方法以及认定标准的缺乏导致发展中成员存在身份不明的问题,其享有的优惠待遇难以得到落实。在未来的WTO改革中,可以考虑将发展中成员细分为新兴成员、欠发达成员和最不发达成员;对于成员身份有争议时以总理事会下专门机构的认定为准,认定结果应当对一般的发展中成员身份(包括细化身份的)认定以及普惠制下的发展中成员身份认定均具有效力;可参照联合国的有关指标制定不同成员身份的认定标准。中国目前仍然是一个发展中成员,也属于新兴成员类别。随着自身不断发展,今后中国将面临身份转型的挑战,应当逐步承担与自身能力相当的义务。The disputes concerning the status of developing members in the WTO reform have mainly focused on three aspects:whether the classification of developing members should be refined,the method of identifying developing members,and the determination of standards.At present,WTO members are divided into two categories:developed members and developing members.The identification of developing members adopts the method of self-declaration,and no specific identification standards are specified.Two-thirds of the members declare to be developing members and enjoy special and differential treatment accordingly.The developing countries(beneficiary countries) under the Generalized System of Preferences(hereinafter referred to as GSP) are unilaterally decided by developed countries(preference-giving countries).The traditional dichotomy between developed and developing countries does not reflect the differences in the level of development of each country.Self-declaration and the unilateral identification of developed countries under GSP and the lack of identification standards lead to the unclear identity of developing countries,which makes it difficult for them to implement special and differential treatment.In the coming WTO reform,we can subdivide developing members into emerging members,underdeveloped members,and least developed members.When there is a dispute over a member’s status,the affirmation of the specialized agency under the General Council shall prevail.This affirmation is conclusive for both the general identification of developing members(including the classification after refinement) and the identification of developing countries under the GSP.The standards for identifying different kinds of developing members can be formulated with reference to the relevant indicators of the United Nations.China is an emerging member that still belongs to developing member now.With its continuous development,China will face the challenge of identity transformation in the future,and it should be prepared to gradually assume obl

关 键 词：WTO改革 发展中成员 细化分类 认定方式 认定标准 

分 类 号：F743.1[经济管理—国际贸易]