中国30年来新发病毒性传染病与病毒溯源综述  

Emerging Viral Infectious Diseases and Their Traceability in China inthe Recent Three Decades

作　　者：尹建华 BALOCH Zulqarnain 夏雪山[1] YIN Jianhua;BALOCH Zulqarnain;XIA Xueshan(Faculty of Life Science and Technology,Kunming University of Science andTechnology,Kunming 650500,China)

机构地区：[1]昆明理工大学生命科学与技术学院,云南昆明650500

出　　处：《昆明理工大学学报（自然科学版）》2021年第4期86-93,共8页Journal of Kunming University of Science and Technology(Natural Science)

基　　金：云南驯养野生动物中新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)溯源调查与验证项目(82041005)。

摘　　要：2019年底,COVID-19在全球暴发,给全人类带来灾难.新发传染病在全球范围内频繁发生、迅速蔓延,由于缺乏有效的应对措施,往往造成严重后果.发现和鉴定病原体是开发新的治疗药物及疫苗的基础,明确病原体来源及其传播途径则是制定防控方案的前提.针对冠状病毒、流感病毒和虫媒病毒等我国30年(1990~2021)来发生的主要传染病流行特点与传播来源进行比较分析,深入阐述了这些新发病原体主要为动物来源,冠状病毒广泛存在于脊椎动物,流感病毒主要在野生鸟类中发现,虫媒病毒主要通过吸血节肢动物在动物和人之间传播.病毒在动物间、动物媒介自然传播,构成病原体自然传播链,在特殊情况下病原体传播给易感者,可能造成人与人之间传播.密切监控病原体在宿主动物的存在与活动状态,与携带传染性病毒的动物保持安全距离,可以最大程度地减少病毒从动物传播给人类的风险.基于"提前预警、主动防御"的客观需求,亟待开展动物携带病原谱调查与传播风险评价,针对性开发预防性疫苗和抗病毒药物,制定切实可行的"未来病毒"防控措施.The COVID-19 pandemic erupted at the end of 2019 has led to worldwide crises.New infectious diseases have been spreading rapidly around the globe,and have caused serious results due to lack of countermeasures.Discovering and characterizing novel pathogens is the basis for the development of new therapeutic and their vaccines.Studying the source of new and recurring pathogens and their transmission route is the prerequisite for controlling future infectious diseases outbreak.We compared and analyzed the characteristics and origins of the main infectious diseases,such as coronaviruses,influenza viruses and arboviruses,in the past 30 years(1990-2021)in China,and elaborated that the pathogens were from animals.Coronaviruses are widespread in vertebrates,influenza viruses are mainly found in wild birds,and arboviruses are mainly transmitted through blood-sucking arthropods between animals and humans.Viruses naturally spread between different species of animals through vectors by forming a natural transmission chain.In special circumstances,the spread of pathogens to susceptible persons may cause human-to-human transmission.Keeping a safe distance from animals carrying these infectious viruses,and closely monitoring the presence and movement of pathogens can minimize the risk of viruses spread from animals to humans.To meet the objective needs of“early warning and active defense”,it is urgent to investigate the pathogenic spectrum in wild animals and the biological characteristics of potentially infectious viruses and to develop prophylactic vaccines,antivirals,and other prevention measures against future viruses.

关 键 词：病毒性传染病 病毒溯源 病毒循环系统 冠状病毒 流感病毒 虫媒病毒 

分 类 号：R511[医药卫生—内科学] Q-49[医药卫生—临床医学]