平台骑手致第三人损害的外观主义归责  

Appearance Doctrine in Attribution for Damages to Third Parties Caused by Platform Riders

作　　者：王天玉 Wang Tianyu

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院法学研究所

出　　处：《中国应用法学》2021年第4期48-61,共14页China Journal of Applied Jurisprudence

摘　　要：外卖和即时配送骑手致第三人损害争议案件中,骑手穿着平台服装或配有平台标识等行为外观,第三人以此主张平台承担责任能否获得支持存在争议。外观主义对此持肯定意见,反对观点认为应坚持用人者责任的控制力考察。控制力是基于雇佣关系下的行为外观理论,其中明确建立雇佣关系的真正受雇人受控制程度较强,而车辆挂靠等未明确建立雇佣关系的非真正受雇人受控制程度较弱。平台骑手中的专送骑手是平台或代理商的真正受雇人,应按照传统路径判断雇主责任。众包骑手是平台的非真正受雇人,与平台构成风险共同体,理论基础从控制理论转向危险理论,仍应由平台承担用人者责任。据此,在平台用工的风险控制上,以保护第三人及交易安全为考量,平台的用人者责任扩展至类雇员。民事责任治理社会风险有局限性,应建立外卖和即时配送的行业性强制第三人责任险,实现风险治理的社会化。In the case of damages to third parties caused by food delivery and instant delivery riders,the riders wear platform clothing or are equipped with platform logos and other behavioral appearance,and it is controversial whether the third party can claim the platform's liability based on behavioral appearance.The appearance doctrine is in the affirmative,while the opposing view is that the examination of the controlling force of the employer's liability should be adhered to.The control is based on the theory of appearance of behavior under the employment relationship,in which the real employed person who clearly establishes the employment relationship is controlled to a stronger degree,while the non-real employed person who does not clearly establish the employment relationship such as vehicle affiliation is controlled to a weaker degree.The dedicated delivery riders among the platform riders are the real employees of the platform or agents,and therefore the employer's responsibility should be judged according to the traditional way.Crowdsourced riders are not really employed by the platform,constituting a risk community with the platform,and thus the theoretical basis is shifted from control theory to danger theory,so the platform should still bear the employer's responsibility.Accordingly,in the risk control of platform employment,the platform's employer liability is extended to employee-like persons in consideration of the protection of third parties and transaction security.Civil liability governance of social risk has limitations,and an industry-wide mandatory third-party liability insurance for food delivery and instant delivery should be established to achieve the socialization of risk governance.

关 键 词：平台用工 外卖骑手 第三人损害 类雇员 外观主义 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]