适宜机械粒收玉米品种的熟期评价指标  

An growing-period indicator of maize cultivars for mechanical kernel harvest

作　　者：李璐璐[1] 明博[1] 初振东[2] 张万旭[2] 高尚 王浥州 侯梁宇 周先林 谢瑞芝[1] 王克如[1] 侯鹏[1] 李少昆[1] LI Lu-Lu;MING Bo;CHU Zhen-Dong;ZHANG Wan-Xu;GAO Shang;WANG Yi-Zhou;HOU Liang-Yu;ZHOU Xian-Lin;XIE Rui-Zhi;WANG Ke-Ru;HOU Peng;LI Shao-Kun(Institute of Crop Science,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Beijing 100081,China;Agricultural College,Shihezi University,Shihezi 832003,Xinjiang,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院作物科学研究所/农业农村部作物生理生态重点实验室,北京100081 [2]石河子大学农学院,新疆石河子832003

出　　处：《作物学报》2021年第11期2199-2207,共9页Acta Agronomica Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300110);国家自然科学基金项目(31971849);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-02-25);中国农业科学院农业科技创新工程项目资助。

摘　　要：玉米收获期籽粒含水率偏高制约了机械粒收技术的应用,选育和筛选快速脱水的品种是解决这一问题的关键,然而我国尚缺乏评价籽粒脱水速率的指标。本研究于2014—2018年进行,在不同产区调查了先玉335和郑单958的生育和脱水进程,探讨玉米籽粒脱水速率的评价指标。结果表明,播种–生理成熟积温、播种–25%含水率积温和生理成熟–25%含水率积温在品种之间均差异显著。其中播种–生理成熟积温先玉335和郑单958平均为3039℃ d(2752~3249℃ d)和3090℃ d(2750~3546℃ d),差值51℃ d,变异系数为4%和6%。播种–25%含水率积温在这2个品种之间差异更大,先玉335和郑单958平均为3097℃ d(2920~3392℃ d)和3309℃ d(2980~3613℃ d),差值达212℃ d,变异系数为4%和5%。生理成熟–25%含水率积温先玉335和郑单958平均为66℃ d(0~287℃ d)和166℃ d(36~338℃ d),变异系数为131%和54%。播种–25%含水率积温更能体现品种之间籽粒脱水速率,可以作为现阶段机械粒收品种选育和筛选的熟期指标,但是该指标在区域、年份和播期之间有一定差异,在测量时建议统一田块和播种日期。本文提出用播种–25%含水率的积温作为评价籽粒脱水速率的熟期指标,用于当前品种选育和筛选,推动玉米机械粒收技术在国内的发展。The high kernel moisture of maize(Zea mays L.)at harvest stage limits the field-application of mechanical kernel har-vesting.The breeding and selection of fast dry-down cultivars is the key to solve this problem.However,there is still a lack of such indicators for evaluating the kernel dry-down rate in China.To explore the indicators,the crop growth and the kernel dry-down of two cultivars,Xianyu 335 and Zhengdan 958,were investigated across various maize belts in China from 2014 to 2018.Between the two cultivars,there were significant varietal differences in thermal times(TT)at the stages of plant-ing–maturity(P–M),planting–25% moisture(P–25%),and maturity–25%moisture(M–25%),respectively.The TTP–M on average were 3039℃ d(2752–3249℃ d)for Xianyu 335 and 3090℃ d(2750–3546℃ d)for Zhengdan 958,with a difference value of 51℃ d,and the corresponding coefficient of variations(CV)of TTP–M were 4%and 6%,respectively.The TT_(P–25%) on average was 3097℃ d(2920–3392℃ d)for Xianyu 335 and 3309℃ d(2980–3613℃ d)for Zhengdan 958,with a larger difference value of 212℃ d,while their CV were 4%and 5%.In several,the TT_(M–25%)for Xianyu 335 and Zhengdan 958 were 66℃ d(0–287℃ d)and 166℃ d(36–338℃ d)with the CV of 131% and 54%.On account of its better reflection of kernel dry-down rate among cultivars,the TTP-25%could be considered as the growing period indicator for the breeding and selection of cultivars fitting to present mechanical kernel harvesting.In addition,this indicator might vary with region,year,or planting date,the same field and year were recommended to ensure a consistent environmental condition for measuring it.Conclusively,a new indicator(TT_(P-25%))for breeding and selection of fast dry-down hybrids was proposed,which potentially prompting maize kernel harvesting in China.

关 键 词：玉米 籽粒含水率 脱水速率 积温 机械粒收 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]