族类标签的产生与形塑:以宋末至明初广西的“撞”与“獞”为例  

Creation and Shaping of Ethnic Labels:A Case Study of“Zhuang”撞and“Zhuang”獞in Guangxi from the Late Song to the Early Ming

作　　者：任建敏 Ren Jianmin

机构地区：[1]中山大学历史学系,广州市510275

出　　处：《民族研究》2021年第3期85-98,M0004,共15页Ethno-National Studies

基　　金：国家社科后期资助项目“明代桂东北地区的国家治理与社会变迁”(项目编号:18FZS039)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：壮族族称的前身"撞"与"獞",最早可以追溯到南宋末年出现的"撞丁"一词。元代广西屯田与"防徭"政策,是"撞"从一个特定民丁的称谓演变为广泛使用的族称的关键。随着广西屯田范围的扩展,"撞"的所指也逐渐延伸。在元朝官府、省民及"徭人"都在借用"撞"这个身份标签来叙述自身立场的过程中,"撞"的内在含义逐渐扩大。到元中叶,"撞"已由屯兵专称,扩大为与屯田、守隘与"防徭"密切相关的一个身份标签。在元末寇乱中,脱离官府控制"撞人"变成了"獞",其称呼具有了族类标签的意义。明初广西撞兵屯田被废除后,撞兵失去了屯田这一关键的制度性支撑,"獞"的本字"撞"逐渐淡出了人们的记忆。在明清文献中,"獞"与"猺"并称"猺獞",用以指代广西境内不受流官与土官控制的非汉族群。The name of the Zhuang壮,an ethnic group of China,has been written as"Zhuang"撞/獞,which could be traced back to the word"Zhuang Ding"撞丁in the late Southern Song.In the Yuan Dynasty,the policy of station farming and defending the Yao徭in Guangxi was the key to the evolution of"Zhuang"撞from a specific title to a widely used appellation,and it spread with the expansion of station farming troops in Guangxi.When the government,the registration household and the Yao people all used the identity label of"Zhuang"撞to describe their own identity,the meaning of"zhuang"撞gradually expanded.By the mid-Yuan Dynasty,"Zhuang"撞had been expanded from a special title for station farming troops to an identity label closely related to station farming,guarding passes and defending Yao.In the late Yuan Dynasty,Zhuang撞people rebelled to break away from the control of the government and were labeled as barbarians therefore and became"Zhuang"獞.As a result,"Zhuang"獞has the meaning of ethnic label.After the station farming of Guangxi was abolished in the early Ming Dynasty,the Zhuang soldiers撞兵lost the institutional support,and the original word"Zhuang"撞gradually faded out of people’s memory.In the literature of the Ming and the Qing,"Yao"猺and"Zhuang"獞were often called"Yao-Zhuang"猺獞which referred to the non-Han people in Guangxi who were not controlled by officials.

关 键 词：广西 屯田 撞丁 撞兵 “獞人” 

分 类 号：C954[社会学—民族学]