不同杀虫剂对油菜萝卜蚜的毒力、作用机制及在油菜叶片的残留  

Toxicity and mechanism of different insecticides to Lipaphis erysimi and residue in mustard

作　　者：王宇飞[1] 李海平[1] 马强[1] 杨博慧 WANG Yu-fei;LI Hai-ping;MA Qiang;YANG Bo-hui(College of Horticulture and Plant Protection,Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,Hohhot 010019,China)

机构地区：[1]内蒙古农业大学园艺与植物保护学院,内蒙古呼和浩特010019

出　　处：《中国油料作物学报》2021年第4期716-723,共8页Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31660523)。

摘　　要：为有效防治油菜萝卜蚜,科学合理使用药剂,研究不同种类杀虫剂对油菜萝卜蚜(Lipaphis erysimi)的毒力及作用机制,并调查2种杀虫剂拌种后在芥菜型油菜叶片的残留。结果表明,供试的有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂对萝卜蚜的毒力大于拟除虫菊酯类和烟碱类杀虫剂,12种杀虫剂中毒力最大的是灭多威和乐果,致死中浓度(LC_(50))为3.152 mg/L和3.452 mg/L,拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂中高效氯氰菊酯毒力最大,LC_(50)为10.741 mg/L,氰戊菊酯最小LC_(50)为30.938 mg/L,噻虫嗪和吡虫啉对萝卜蚜的LC_(50)为15.460 mg/L和30.385 mg/L。有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂对萝卜蚜乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)有抑制作用,乐果抑制作用最强,抑制中浓度(I_(50))为1.97×10^(-5)mol/L,三唑磷毒力最小,I_(50)为15.51×10^(-5)mol/L。抑制中时间(IT_(50))乐果最小为0.21 min,三唑磷最大IT_(50)最大,为8.30 min。5种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂均表现出对萝卜蚜腺苷三磷酸酶(ATPase)不同程度的抑制。当浓度为1×10^(-4)mol/L时,联苯菊酯对萝卜蚜Na^(+)-K^(+)-ATPase的抑制作用最强,抑制率为31.65%,溴氰菊酯对Ca^(2+)-Mg^(2+)-ATPase抑制最强,抑制率为38.60%。5种菊酯类杀虫剂都会降低萝卜蚜线粒体膜的流动性从而进一步影响昆虫体内酶活性,且存在一定的剂量浓度效应关系,当浓度为1×10^(-4)mol/L时,高效氯氰菊酯对萝卜蚜线粒体膜流动性影响最大,偏振度P值为0.289;氰戊菊酯影响最小,偏振度P为0.263。毒死蜱和噻虫嗪分别拌种油菜种子后会存在一定的残留期并进一步降低蚜虫危害程度,油菜出苗1周时这两种杀虫剂在叶片含量都达到最高,之后随时间延长含量逐渐降低,到出苗第5周后在叶片中未检测到这两种药剂。合适剂量不同类型的农药对于抑制蚜虫活性,降低虫口密度,具有重要的指导意义。To effectively control turnip aphid by insecticide,toxicity of different types of insecticides to Lipaphis erysimi on mustard(Brassica juncea)was investigated.Leaf residues of 2 insecticides after seed dressing were measured.Results showed that the median lethal concentration(LC_(50))of organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides was greater than that of pyrethroid and nicotine insecticides.Among 12 tested insecticides,aphid showed the most sensitive to methomyl and daphene,with LC_(50) of 3.152 mg/L and 3.452 mg/L respectively.Aphid was most sensitive to cypermethrin in 5 tested pyrethroid insecticides,with LC_(50) of 10.741 mg/L,and least sensitive to fenvalerate with a LC_(50) of 30.938 mg/L.The LC_(50) of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid to aphid were 15.460 mg/L and 30.585 mg/L respectively.Acetylcholinesterase(AChE)activity of aphid could be inhibited by the tested organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides,Daphene showed the highest inhibitory effect with and the median inhibitory concentration(I_(50))of 1.97×10^(-5) mol/L,and I_(50) of triazophos was the highest,which was 15.51×10^(-5) mol/L.The median inhibitory time(IT_(50))of daphene was 0.21 min,and IT_(50) of triazophos was 8.30 min.The activity of Na^(+)-K^(+)-ATPase and Ca^(2+)-Mg^(2+)-ATPase were inhibited by all the 5 pyrethroid insecticides.When the final concentration of pyrethroid insecticide was 1×10^(-4) mol/L,bifenthrin had the strongest inhibition on Na^(+)-K^(+)-ATPase,the inhibition rate was 31.65%.Deltamethrin had the strongest inhibition on Ca2-Mg^(2+)-ATPase,and the inhibition rate was 38.60%.The mitochondrial membrane fluidity of the aphid was affected by 5 pyrethroid insecticides,thereby further affecting the enzyme activity in insects,and the effect was positively related to the pyrethroid concentration.At the concentration of 1×10^(-4) mol/L,cypermethrin had the strongest effect on slowing down the mitochondrial membrane fluidity of the aphid,with polarization value0.289;fenvalerate had the weakest effect,the polarization was 0.

关 键 词：芥菜型油菜 萝卜蚜 杀虫剂 毒力 作用机制 残留 

分 类 号：S481.1[农业科学—农药学]