无患子果实成熟过程及其油脂、皂苷动态变化  

Maturation processes and the dynamics of oil and saponin in Sapindus mukorossi

作　　者：郑玉琳 刘济铭 史双龙[1] 贾黎明[1] 翁学煌 罗水晶 盛克寨 ZHENG Yulin;LIU Jiming;SHI Shuanglong;JIA Liming;WENG Xuehuang;LUO Shuijing;SHENG Kezhai(Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education,National Energy R&D Center for Non-food Biamass,Beijing Forestry University,Beijing 100083,China;Yuanhua Forestry Biotechnology Co.,Ltd.,Jianning 354500,China;Hunan Soapberry Agroforestry Development Co.,Ltd.,Shimen 415300,China)

机构地区：[1]北京林业大学,省部共建森林培育与保护教育部重点实验室,国家能源非粮生物质原料研发中心,北京100083 [2]福建源华林业生物科技有限公司,福建建宁354500 [3]湖南无患子农林发展有限公司,湖南石门415300

出　　处：《南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）》2021年第4期76-82,共7页Journal of Nanjing Forestry University：Natural Sciences Edition

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(32071793)。

摘　　要：【目的】无患子(Sapindus mukorossi)是重要的生物日化和生物质能源树种,近年来我国无患子产业蓬勃发展,但目前在生产上仍没有明确的采收期或者确定最适采收时间的方法。通过对果实生长发育过程及内含物含量动态变化间的关系研究,确定无患子果实的最适采收时间。【方法】选取5株长势中等、开花结实良好的8年生实生无患子树,于果实膨大期的末期到果实脱落期,每隔4 d每株树采摘15个发育正常的果实,观察其外观变化,并进行果实、种子、果皮及种仁干质量,果实横径、纵径、侧径,种子横径、纵径、侧径共10项表型指标测定,以及种仁含油率、单种仁油质量、果皮含皂苷率、单果皮皂苷质量及含水率的测定。【结果】(1)9月底果实由绿色变为金黄色,随后在10月上半个月内失水,果皮表面皱缩,果实横径下降7.95%,侧径下降10.71%。(2)8月底至9月初种仁体积较小,呈绿色,随后逐渐长大,在9月20日左右由绿转黄,且在9月底完全变为黄色。种子横径、纵径和侧径在10月上旬明显下降,其中横径下降10.81%,纵径下降4.87%,侧径下降8.96%。(3)果实和果皮的干质量变化趋势相同,均在10月15日之前上升,随后小幅波动,且果皮干质量发生第2次明显上升时种子干质量下降。(4)种仁油质量在9月中旬及之后较高,果皮皂苷质量在10月上旬和中旬较高。【结论】果皮中皂苷和种仁中油的积累在10月上旬均达到最高,针对果皮皂苷和种仁油的应用,最佳采果期在10月上旬和中旬。由果实外观判断,生产上,果实完全变为金黄且果皮开始皱缩后的20 d内,为最佳采果期。【Objective】Soapberry(Sapindus mukorossi)is an important raw material species for biochemical,biomass energy industries.In recent years,China’s soapberry industry has seen booming growth.The fruiting period of soapberry is several months long and there is no clear harvesting period or method to determine the harvesting time during production.In this study,we conducted observations of fruit growth and development dynamics,as well as dynamic changes in the contents of inclusions,to clearly determine the harvesting time of soapberry fruits during production.【Method】Five eight-year-old living soapberry trees with medium growth and good flowering,and fruit set were selected.Three fruit sequences were randomly chosen from each tree every four days from the end of the fruit expansion period to the fruit abscission period.The ten phenotypic indicators,seed kernel oil content,mass of single kernel oil,pericarp saponin content,mass of single pericarp saponin and water content were determined.【Result】①The change in fruit color from green to golden yellow occurred at the end of September,followed by a water loss in the first half of October,along with wrinkling of the pericarp surface.A 7.95%decrease in the transverse diameter and a 10.71%decrease in the lateral diameter of the fruit were also observed.②The seed kernels were small and green from the end of August to the beginning of September;these then grew gradually before changing from green to yellow around September 20 and completely changed to yellow at the end of September.The transverse diameter,longitudinal diameter and lateral diameter of the seeds decreased significantly in early October,with the transverse diameter decreasing by 10.81%,the longitudinal diameter by 4.87%,and the lateral diameter by 8.96%.③The dry mass of the fruit and pericarp showed the same trend,both rising until October 15 and then fluctuating slightly.We innovatively found that the dry mass of seeds decreased when the se-cond significant rise in pericarp dry mass occurred.T

关 键 词：无患子 果实 皂苷 内含物 能源树种 

分 类 号：S725.5[农业科学—林木遗传育种]