美国研究型大学的核心标准与共性特征--兼论对我国新型研究型大学建设的启示  

The Core Standards and Common Features of American Research Universities:Enlightenment to the Construction of New Type of Research Universities in China

作　　者：宋旭红 高源 Song Xuhong;Gao Yuan(Institute of Higher Education,University of Jinan,Jinan 250022;Department of Basic Education,Shandong Jiaotong University,Weihai 264200)

机构地区：[1]济南大学高等教育研究院,山东济南250022 [2]山东交通学院威海校区基础教学部,山东威海264200

出　　处：《山东高等教育》2021年第4期10-20,共11页Review of Higher Education

基　　金：2019年山东省本科教学改革研究项目重大项目“高等学校分类发展理论建构及其实践应用”(D2019S01)。

摘　　要：研究型大学作为群体处于美国大学声望等级的顶端,最早的出现可以追溯于1876年约翰·霍普金斯大学的成立。自1990年美国大学协会成立以来,以科学研究为中心、以博士研究生教育为入门标准,就成为研究型大学这一群体共同而且独特的身份标识,同时也成为美国卡内基高等教育机构对于研究型大学分类一直坚守不变的两个分类维度。本文以1973-2018年美国卡内基高等教育机构分类标准的历史演变为主线,着重分析研究型大学这一群体在科学研究和博士生教育这两个分类维度及其以研发经费和博士学位授予数量为核心的量化标准的演变过程。在此基础上,进一步分析这一分类标准背后的美国研究型大学发展的历史背景、价值选择乃至成功经验,总结了美国研究型大学的三个关键共性特征,研究的目的是以期对我国新型研究型大学建设提供有益的借鉴。Research universities as a group are of higher reputation among American universities. Its earliest appearance can be traced back to the establishment of Johns Hopkins University in 1876. Since the establishment of American Association of Universities in 1990, driven by scientific research and taking doctoral education as the threshold have become the common and unique identity of research universities. Meanwhile, it has become the two classification dimensions for research universities that Carnegie classifications has always adhered to. With an essential thread on the historical evolution of Carnegie’s classification criteria for American higher education institutions from 1973 to 2018, this paper takes the analysis of two classification dimensions for research universities such as scientific research and doctoral education, and the evolution of quantitative standards which focus on research &development funds and doctoral degree grants as its top priority. On this basis, it further analyzes the historical background, value choice and successful experience of American research universities.The last part summarizes the three key common characteristics of American research universities. The purpose of the research is to provide a useful reference for the construction of new type of universities in China.

关 键 词：美国研究型大学 卡内基高等教育分类 新型研究型大学 

分 类 号：G640[文化科学—高等教育学]