更迭与传承:鄂伦春族生计变迁的历时性考察  

Change and Inheritance:Diachronic Investigation on the Livelihood Changes of the Oroqen Nationality

作　　者：庞婧雅 樊志民[1] Pang Jingya;Fan Zhimin

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学中国农业历史文化研究中心

出　　处：《农业考古》2021年第4期23-29,共7页Agricultural Archaeology

基　　金：教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“中华农业文明通史”(项目编号:13JZD036)。

摘　　要：在自然环境、国家政策、民族交流等多重因素的影响下,鄂伦春族生计方式不断更迭、变迁。本文通过广泛搜集档案、民族志及调查报告等材料,进行历时性考察,大体上分为五个时段:一是清代以前,鄂伦春族栖居于黑龙江北部的广袤地带,以狩猎渔采为业。二是清代南迁至松花江流域,狩猎工具改进并出现猎业商品化趋势。三是晚清民国时期,受周边民族与国家政策的双重影响,农耕经济在鄂伦春族生计结构中的比重逐渐提升。四是新中国成立以来,鄂伦春人下山定居,渔猎经济逐渐被农、林、牧、副等产业替代。五是1996年禁猎政策颁布后,维持了数世纪的狩猎经济在鄂伦春族生计结构中彻底消亡。狩猎经济已逝,如何保证民族特色文化的传承?是当前亟待解决的问题。Under the influence of multiple factors such as natural environment,national policy and ethnic communication,the livelihood mode of Oroqen nationality has been constantly changing.Through extensive collection of archives,ethnography and survey reports,the diachronic investigation was conducted,which was roughly divided into five periods:(1)Before the Qing Dynasty,the Oroqen people lived in the vast areas of northern Heilongjiang by hunting and fishing.(2)At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty,it moved south to the Songhua River Basin,and hunting tools were improved and the hunting industry was commercialized.(3)In the late Qing and the Republic of China,under the dual influence of surrounding ethnic groups and national policies,the proportion of agricultural economy in the livelihood of the Oroqen people gradually increased.(4)Since the founding of New China,the Oroqen people settled down the mountains,and the fishing and hunting economy was gradually replaced by agriculture,forestry,animal husbandry,and sideline industries.(5)After the hunting ban policy was promulgated in 1996,the hunting economy that had lasted for centuries disappeared completely in the livelihood structure of the Oroqen people.The hunting economy disappeared,and how to ensure the inheritance of national characteristic culture is a problem that needs to be solved urgently.

关 键 词：鄂伦春族 生计变迁 渔采狩猎 农业 

分 类 号：K892.27[历史地理—民俗学]