华北平原多目标约束下冬小麦最优施氮量  

Optimal nitrogen application rate for winter wheat under multi-objective con-straints in the North China Plain

作　　者：代娜 史文娇[2,3] 石晓丽 DAI Na;SHI Wenjiao;SHI Xiaoli(College of Resources and Environmental Sciences,Hebei Normal University/Hebei Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Eco-logical Construction/Hebei Technology Innovation Center for Remote Sensing Identification of Environmental Change,Shijiazhuang 050024,China;Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China;College of Resources and Environment,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China)

机构地区：[1]河北师范大学资源与环境科学学院/河北省环境演变与生态建设实验室/河北省环境变化遥感识别技术创新中心,石家庄050024 [2]中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所/中国科学院陆地表层格局与模拟重点实验室,北京100101 [3]中国科学院大学资源与环境学院,北京100049

出　　处：《中国生态农业学报（中英文）》2021年第9期1512-1523,共12页Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(41771111);河北省自然科学基金(D2019205123,D2020205009);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA23100202);中国科学院青年创新促进会(会员号:2018071);河北师范大学科研基金(L052018Z09)资助。

摘　　要：农田氮素管理不当导致水体污染、土壤结构破坏和全球变暖等环境问题。从经济与生态环境各方面探讨华北平原冬小麦的最优施氮量可为粮食生产及区域农业生态保护提供重要的科学参考。本文利用华北平原9个站点1981—2017年的逐日气象数据及冬小麦物候和产量观测资料,借助CERES-Wheat模型,基于5个约束指标(产量、氮肥偏生产力、氮素吸收、增产-节氮权衡和环境-经济效益)和施氮量的关系曲线,揭示华北平原冬小麦在不同约束条件下的最优施氮量。结果表明:华北平原各站点基于不同目标约束所得的最优施氮量有所不同,其大小顺序为氮素吸收>产量>环境-经济效益>增产-节氮权衡>氮肥偏生产力,且各地区最优施氮量的参考值也存在一定的空间差异。通过对粮食安全与生态友好的综合考量,本研究认为增产-节氮权衡和环境-经济效益约束条件下的最优施氮量能够实现经济效益和生态效益的统一,是较合理的区域施氮参考,该条件下最优施氮量分别为173 kg∙hm^(-2)和190 kg∙hm^(-2),比当前华北平原农民实际施氮水平分别减少约47%和42%,可以作为冬小麦种植施氮的区域参考值。该目标约束下最优施氮量的低值主要分布在Ⅱ区和Ⅳ区,分别为150 kg∙hm^(-2)和170 kg∙hm^(-2),Ⅰ区和Ⅲ区则相对较高,最优施氮量分别为200 kg∙hm^(-2)和225 kg∙hm^(-2),原因可能在于长期施氮降低土壤有机碳含量,进而影响土壤供氮能力。The oversupply of nitrogen fertilizers has caused serious environmental problems,such as water pollution,destruction of soil structure,and global warming.Thus,the optimal nitrogen application rate of winter wheat should consider the environmental impacts.Many attempts have been made to evaluate the optimal winter wheat nitrogen application rate using different indicators,such as yield,nitrogen use efficiency,and nitrogen uptake.However,previous studies have only focused on economic benefits and did not consider the ecological benefits.Furthermore,the optimal nitrogen application rates have been evaluated with individual indicators;a systematic approach that integrates these indicators has not yet been presented.To better understand the optimal nitrogen application rate for winter wheat under multi-objective constraints in the North China Plain,this study used the daily meteorological data,observation data of the phenology,and the yield of winter wheat at nine stations(Tangshan,Huanghua,Luancheng,Huimin,Nangong,Ganyu,Shangqiu,Zhumadian,and Shouxian)from 1981 to 2017,to simulate five indicators of the economic and environmental benefits of the winter wheat(yield,nitrogen partial factor productivity,nitrogen uptake,the balance between yield increase and nitrogen saving,and environmental-economic benefits)by using the crop estimation through resource and environment synthesis(CERES)-Wheat model.The relationship between each indicator and the nitrogen application rate was investigated to determine the optimal nitrogen application rates under different constraints.Finally,the comprehensive optimal nitrogen application rate was determined according to the economic and ecological benefits.The results indicated that the optimal nitrogen application rates varied across stations and objective constraints.The average value of the optimal nitrogen application rate for the nine stations from high to low were that constrained by nitrogen uptake(363 kg∙hm^(-2)),yield(257 kg∙hm^(-2)),environment-economic benefits(190 kg∙hm^

关 键 词：华北平原 CERES-Wheat模型 冬小麦 农业生态环境 最优施氮量 多目标约束 

分 类 号：S365[农业科学—作物栽培与耕作技术]