花期高温干旱对玉米雄穗发育、生理特性和产量影响  被引量:38

Maize Tassel Development, Physiological Traits and Yield Under Heat and Drought Stress During Flowering Stage

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作  者:闫振华 刘东尧 贾绪存 杨琴 陈艺博 董朋飞 王群 YAN ZhenHua;LIU DongYao;JIA XuCun;YANG Qin;CHEN YiBo;DONG PengFei;WANG Qun(College of Agronomy,Henan Agricultural University/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science,Zhengzhou 450046)

机构地区:[1]河南农业大学农学院/省部共建小麦玉米作物学国家重点实验室,郑州450046

出  处:《中国农业科学》2021年第17期3592-3608,共17页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基  金:国家重点研发计划(2017YFD0300300);国家现代农业产业技术体系专项(CARS-02-17)。

摘  要:【目的】全球季节性高温、干旱已经成为影响作物生长发育和产量形成的主要限制性因素,本研究通过人工模拟阶段高温干旱气候特征,旨在探究夏玉米花期高温、干旱以及高温干旱复合胁迫对其雄穗发育、生理特征及产量形成的影响。【方法】连续2年利用人工智能温室,采用盆栽试验,以郑单958(ZD958)和华农138(HN138)为试验材料,设置对照(CK)、高温胁迫(T)、干旱胁迫(D)和高温干旱复合胁迫(TD)4个处理,研究了夏玉米雄穗形态、花药、花粉结构、花粉活力及雄穗抗氧化指标和产量对花期高温、干旱的响应特征。【结果】2年结果表明,高温、干旱及复合胁迫使玉米雄穗分枝数、主轴小花数和分枝小花密度显著减少,T处理3个参数分别平均比CK减少17.31%、15.70%、13.56%,D和TD处理分别比CK减少33.85%、24.87%、27.08%和45.59%、32.02%、26.00%,干旱及复合胁迫使玉米雄穗主轴比CK平均显著缩短23.64%和27.51%。花期高温、干旱胁迫均导致花药皱缩变形,绒毡层细胞结构松散,花粉粒表面凸起,复合胁迫加剧了花药皱缩变形,绒毡层细胞裂解,药隔维管束变细减少,花粉粒网纹状凸起更为明显,萌发孔内陷。高温、干旱及复合胁迫显著降低雄穗日散粉量,T、D和TD处理日散粉量分别比CK平均减少22.18%、54.75%和67.28%,且使最大散粉量日期提前;T、D和TD处理高活力花粉所占比例显著低于CK,且两两间差异达显著水平。T处理雄穗SOD、POD酶活性升高,较CK平均提高21.91%、32.50%,D和TD处理较CK平均增加24.95%(SOD)、53.37%(POD)和17.12%(SOD)、67.24%(POD),峰值均与CK有极显著差异;T、D和TD处理下雄穗MDA含量较CK平均增加44.18%、64.24%和79.12%,O_(2)^(−∙)含量较CK平均增加22.55%、51.65%和72.29%,处理间峰值差异达显著水平。高温、干旱及复合胁迫导致玉米产量和行粒数大幅度降低,T、D和TD产量比CK平均降低18.05%、34.58%、46.24%,行�【Objective】Global seasonal high temperature and drought have become the main limiting factors affecting crop growth and development as well as yield formation.Based on artificial simulation of the climate characteristics of periodic high temperature and drought stress,the effects of high temperature stress,drought stress and the combined stress of high temperature and drought during the flowering stage on morphological development and physiological characteristics of tassel and yield formation of summer maize were explored in this study.【Method】The experiment was conducted by pot-experiment in the greenhouse with intelligent control system for two years.Zhengdan 958(ZD958)and Huanong 138(HN138)were used as the experimental materials.The four treatments of control(CK),flowering high-temperature stress treatment(T),flowering drought stress treatment(D)and flowering high-temperature-drought combined stress treatment(TD)were set up to study the tassel morphology,anther and pollen structure,pollen viability,tassel antioxidant index and yield of summer maize in response to high temperature and drought during flowering stage.【Result】High temperature,drought and combined stress resulted in significant reduction in the tassel branch number,tassel central branch spikelet number and tassel branch spikelet density in maize,and these three parameters of T treatment were 17.31%,15.70%and 13.56%lower than that under CK,respectively;D and TD treatments were 33.85%,24.87%,27.08%and 45.59%,32.02%,26.00%lower than CK,respectively.Drought and combined stress significantly shortened tassel central branch length by 23.64%and 27.51%,respectively,compared with CK.High temperature stress and drought stress at flowering stage led to anther shrinkage and deformation,loose arrangement of tapetum cells,and reticular protrusion on pollen grain surface.Combined stress aggravated anther shrinkage and deformation,broken of tapetum cells.And the septal vascular bundles became thinner,the number decreased,the reticular protrusion of po

关 键 词:夏玉米 高温干旱 雄穗形态 花粉结构与活力 抗氧化酶活性 产量 

分 类 号:S513[农业科学—作物学]

 

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