施磷水平对不同茬口下冬小麦生长发育及产量的影响  

Effects of Phosphorus Application Levels on Growth and Yield of Winter Wheat Under Different Crops for Rotation

作　　者：薛华龙 娄梦玉 李雪 王飞 郭彬彬 郭大勇 李海港 焦念元 XUE HuaLong;LOU MengYu;LI Xue;WANG Fei;GUO BinBin;GUO DaYong;LI HaiGang;JIAO NianYuan(College of Agriculture,Henan University of Science and Technology/Henan Dry Land Agricultural Engineering Technology Research Center,Luoyang 471023;Henan 2College of Grassland Resources and Environment,Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,Hohhhot 845350)

机构地区：[1]河南科技大学农学院/河南省旱地农业工程技术研究中心,河南洛阳471023 [2]内蒙古农业大学草原与资源环境学院,呼和浩特845350

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2021年第17期3712-3725,共14页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0200202);河南省自然科学基金(182300410014);河南省科技攻关(182102110180)。

摘　　要：【目的】研究施磷水平对不同茬口下冬小麦生长发育及产量的影响,探明小麦合理轮作制度和磷肥管理。【方法】于2018—2019和2019—2020连续两年在花生(PCR)、玉米(MCR)和花生Ⅱ玉米(ICR)茬口下种植冬小麦,分别设P0(0 kg P2O5·hm^(-2))、P90(90 kg P2O5·hm^(-2))、P180(180 kg P2O5·hm^(-2))和P270(270 kg P2O5·hm^(-2))4个施磷水平,研究施磷水平对不同茬口下冬小麦分蘖及成穗率、灌浆速率、干物质积累与分配、产量及产量构成的影响。【结果】(1)同一茬口下,随着施磷量的增加,冬小麦单位面积最大分蘖数、有效分蘖数、干物质积累量和单穗干重均呈P270>P180>P90>P0处理;冬小麦穗粒数、干物质向籽粒中分配率和产量呈先增加后降低的趋势,P180施磷水平下达到最大值。(2)不同茬口下,各施磷水平冬小麦单位面积最大分蘖数、有效分蘖数均表现为PCR>ICR>MCR;在不施磷(P0)和低磷(P90)水平时,花生茬口下的冬小麦各时期干物质量、产量均大于花生Ⅱ玉米茬口和玉米茬口,但在P180、P270施磷水平时,花生Ⅱ玉米茬口下的冬小麦各时期干物质量、产量则均大于花生茬口和玉米茬口。(3)结合施磷量与产量拟合曲线,花生茬口冬小麦最高产量为10493.6 kg·hm^(-2),最佳经济产量施磷量为177.0 kg·hm^(-2);花生Ⅱ玉米茬口最高产量为10749.8 kg·hm^(-2),最佳经济产量施磷量为178.9 kg·hm^(-2);玉米茬口最高产量为9936.2 kg·hm^(-2),最佳经济产量施磷量为189.3 kg·hm^(-2)。【结论】花生茬口及花生Ⅱ玉米茬口的冬小麦分蘖成穗、干物质积累与转移、籽粒灌浆和产量形成方面均优于玉米茬口,冬小麦产量潜力大,最佳经济产量施磷量低,为177.0—178.9 kg·hm^(-2)。【Objective】In order to explore the reasonable system of crops for rotation with wheat and its phosphorus(P)fertilizer management technology,the effects of P application levels on growth and yield of wheat under different crops for rotation were studied.【Method】From 2018 to 2019 and 2019 to 2020,the winter wheat was planted under different crops for rotation of peanut(PCR),maize(MCR)and peanut intercropping maize(ICR),with different P application levels,including P0(0 kg P2O5·hm^(-2)),P90(90 kg P2O5·hm^(-2)),P180(180 kg P2O5·hm^(-2))and P270(270 kg P2O5·hm^(-2)).Effects of P levels on tiller and effective spike rate,grain filling rate,dry matter accumulation and distribution ratio,and yield components of winter wheat were investigated.【Result】(1)Under the same crops for rotation,the maximum number of tillers per unit area,the number of effective tillers,dry matter accumulation and dry weight per spike of winter wheat were P270>P180>P90>P0 treatment with the increase of P application rate.But the grain number per spike,the distribution rate of dry matter to grain and yield of winter wheat increased at first and then decreased,and reached the maximum under P level of P180.(2)Under different crops for rotation,the maximum number of tillers and effective tillers per unit area of winter wheat were PCR>ICR>MCR under different P levels.The dry matter weight and yield of winter wheat under PCR were higher than those under ICR and MCR with P0 and P90 levels,but ICR under P180 and P270 levels,the dry matter quality and yield of winter wheat were higher than those under PCR and MCR.(3)According to the fitting curve of P application and yield,the highest yield of winter wheat was 10493.6 kg·hm^(-2),and the optimal economic yield of P level was 177.0 kg·hm^(-2) under PCR.The highest yield of winter wheat was 10749.8 kg·hm^(-2),while the optimal economic yield of P level was 178.9 kg·hm^(-2)under ICR.The highest yield of winter wheat was 9936.2 kg·hm^(-2),and the optimal economic yield of P level was 189.3

关 键 词：茬口 施磷水平 分蘖成穗率 灌浆 干物质积累 产量 小麦 花生 玉米 

分 类 号：S512.11[农业科学—作物学]