长期施肥对黄土丘陵坡地农田土壤质量和谷子产量的影响  

Effects of long-term fertilization on soil quality and millet yield on slope farmland in loess hilly areas

作　　者：高小峰 闫本帅 吴春晓 王国梁 GAO Xiaofeng;YAN Benshuai;WU Chunxiao;WANG Guoliang(State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Agriculture on the Loess Plateau,Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Ministry of Water Resources,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China;Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所,黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100 [2]中国科学院大学,北京100049 [3]西北农林科技大学水土保持研究所,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《干旱地区农业研究》2021年第5期76-83,共8页Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(K3010217050)。

摘　　要：以坡地农田生态系统长期定位试验(1995—2019年)为基础,选取裸地(LD)、对照(CK,不施肥)、单施氮肥(N1、N2处理分别为:尿素55.2、110.4 kg·hm^(-2))、氮磷肥配施(N1P、N2P处理分别为:尿素+过磷酸钙55.2+90、110.4+90 kg·hm^(-2))6个处理,研究长期施肥对土壤质量、谷子产量的影响。结果表明:(1)与CK相比,长期单施氮肥土壤碱解氮含量提高了24.81%~39.92%;长期氮磷肥配施土壤有机碳、全磷、碱解氮和有效磷含量分别提高了7.82%~16.81%、58.18%、21.59%~22.89%、450.5%~660.3%,土壤pH值降低了0.04~0.08。(2)与CK相比,长期单施氮肥碱性磷酸酶(AP)活性提高了13.34%~19.43%;长期氮磷平衡施肥土壤的β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶与亮氨酸氨基肽酶(NAG+LAP)、葡萄糖苷酶(βG)活性分别显著提高了16.76%~71.01%、47.12%~59.94%。与裸地相比,长期轮作种植作物使βG、LAP+NAG、AP活性显著提高了68.74%~342.42%,N1P处理下酶化学计量比最接近1∶1∶1稳态。(3)与CK相比,N1P处理谷子生物量和产量增加了105.25%~230.05%。谷子产量与土壤全磷、有效磷呈极显著正相关,而与土壤pH值呈显著负相关。总之,长期施肥能显著提高黄土丘陵区坡耕地土壤质量和谷子产量,低氮磷配施(N1P)效果最好。Based on the long-term positioning experiment of sloping farmland ecosystem(1995-2019),bare land(LD),control(CK,no fertilization),single application of nitrogen fertilizer(N1,N2:urea 55.2 kg·hm^(-2)and 110.4 kg·hm^(-2)),and combined application of nitrogen and phosphorus(N1P,N2P:urea+superphosphate 55.2+90 kg·hm^(-2)and 110.4+90 kg·hm^(-2))of 6 treatments were designed to research the effect of long-term fertilization on soil quality and millet yield.The results showed that:(1)Compared with CK,the long-term single application of nitrogen fertilizer increased the soil alkaline nitrogen content by 24.81%~39.92%.The long-term combined application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers increased the soil organic carbon,total phosphorus,alkaline nitrogen,and available phosphorus content by 7.82%~16.81%,58.18%,21.59%~22.89%,and 450.5%~660.3%,and the soil pH decreased by 0.04~0.08 units.(2)Compared with CK,long-term single application of nitrogen fertilizer alkaline phosphatase(AP)enzyme activity increased by 13.34%~19.43%.In the long-term nitrogen and phosphorus balanced fertilization soil,the enzyme activities of β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase and leucine aminopeptidase(NAG+LAP),and glucosidase(βG)were significantly increased by 16.76%~71.01%,47.12%~59.94%,respectively.Planting millet significantly increased the activities of βG,LAP+NAG,and AP by 68.74%~342.42%.The stoichiometric ratio of enzyme in N1P treatment was closest to the steady state of 1∶1∶1.(3)Compared with CK,the biomass and yield of millet under N1P treatment increased by 105.25%~230.05%.The yield of millet was significantly positively correlated with soil total phosphorus and available phosphorus,and significantly negatively correlated with soil pH.In short,long-term fertilization significantly improved the soil quality and millet yield of slope farmland in loess hilly areas,and the best outcome came from low nitrogen and phosphorus combined application(N1P).

关 键 词：长期定位施肥 氮磷配施 土壤质量 土壤酶活性 谷子产量 

分 类 号：S515[农业科学—作物学] S158