《刑法修正案(十一)》下调最低刑事责任年龄的正当根据与司法适用  

Justification and Judicial Application of the Downward Adjustment of the Minimum age of Criminal Responsibility under the Amendment to the Criminal Law(Ⅺ)

作　　者：王登辉[1] WANG Deng-hui(Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing 401120, China)

机构地区：[1]西南政法大学法学院,国家毒品问题治理研究中心,重庆401120

出　　处：《西南政法大学学报》2021年第4期107-122,共16页Journal of Southwest University of Political Science and Law

基　　金：2021年度最高人民检察院检察应用理论研究课题“核准追究未成年人刑事责任问题研究”、第64批面上资助西部地区博士后人才资助计划的课题(43XB3785XB)。

摘　　要：《刑法修正案(十一)》采用“年龄+罪行+程序控制”的模式个别下调最低刑事责任年龄,是对“惩罚为辅”和“最有利于未成年人原则”的落实,是平等保护未成年人的必要举措,是未成年人保护法治化的重要内容。当今已满十二周岁不满十四周岁的人的辨认和控制自己行为的能力,与1980年代已满十四周岁的人辨认和控制自己行为的能力相等或相当,应当认为其中精神正常者对特定严重罪行具有刑事责任能力。个别下调最低刑事责任年龄的方案显然优于恶意补足年龄规则。立法机关选择的罪行是“犯故意杀人、故意伤害罪,致人死亡或者以特别残忍手段致人重伤造成严重残疾,情节恶劣”,颇具合理性,也会带来诸多争议。“情节恶劣”只修饰“以特别残忍手段致人重伤造成严重残疾”,却徒增争议,宜删除。完善“最高人民检察院核准追诉”程序,有利于统一执法尺度、从严把握追诉标准,亟待出台司法解释。The Amendment to the Criminal Law(Ⅺ),which adopts the model of "age + offence +procedural control"and individually lowers the minimum age of criminal responsibility,is the implementation of the principle of "punishment as a complement"and the most favourable to minors,and is a necessary step for the equal protection of minors. It is an important element of the rule of law in the protection of minors. The ability of persons who have reached the age of twelve but not fourteen to recognise and control their own behaviour is equal to or comparable to that of persons who reached the age of fourteen in the 1980 s,and those of them who are mentally competent should be considered to be capable of criminal responsibility for specific serious crimes. The option of lowering the minimum age of criminal responsibility on an individual basis is clearly preferable to the rule of malicious complement. The offence chosen by the legislature is "committing intentional homicide or intentional injury causing death or causing serious injury or disability by particularly cruel means under aggravating circumstances ",which is quite reasonable but also brings about a lot of controversy. The word"aggravating circumstances"only modifies the phrase"causing serious injury to a person by particularly cruel means resulting in serious disability",but it adds to the controversy and should be deleted.The people’s Procuratorate has also approved the procedure of prosecution,which is conducive to unifying the scale of law enforcement and strictly grasping the standard of prosecution,and it is urgent to introduce a judicial interpretation.

关 键 词：《刑法修正案(十一)》 未成年人犯罪 刑事责任年龄 恶意补足年龄规则 

分 类 号：DF611[政治法律—刑法学]