都铎王朝普通法法院的危机与自救  被引量:2

Crisis and Self-help of Common Law Courts in Tudor Dynasty

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作  者:邵政达 SHAO Zhengda

机构地区:[1]江苏师范大学历史文化与旅游学院,江苏徐州221116

出  处:《经济社会史评论》2021年第3期36-49,M0003,M0004,共16页Economic and Social History Review

基  金:国家社科基金后期资助项目“近代早期英国普通法法院转型研究”(20FSSB014)的阶段成果。

摘  要:作为英美法系的前身和基础,英国普通法奠基于12世纪,至13世纪时普通法法院成为英国司法体系中最重要的一支。15世纪以来,普通法程序陷入僵化,而从大法官发展而来的衡平法和从欧洲大陆泊来的罗马法不断兴起,在这种“此消彼长”的背景下,普通法法院陷入内外危机。以王座法院为先导,通过简化司法程序、采用法律拟制、引入实体救济、积极扩张管辖权、改进内部组织制度等多种自救改革,普通法法院逐步扭转颓势。与之同步,衡平法法院在律师大法官推动下逐渐规则化,并与普通法法院建立“互动”关系。而天主教教会法庭、封建庄园法庭和地方习惯法庭等迅速衰落,海事法院经历管辖权短暂扩张后也逐渐势衰。近代英国普通法法院与衡平法院“二元互动”的司法模式则初步形成。在这一模式下,普通法法院以其程序性和严格的形式维护司法正义,衡平法院则以其道德性和灵活性弥补普通法不足。As the predecessor and foundation of Anglo-American Law System,English common law was founded in the 12th century.By the 13th century,the common law courts were the most important branch in the British judicial system.Since the 15th century,the procedures of common law have fallen into rigidity.With the development of equity from the Lord Chancellor and the rise of Roman law from continental Europe,the common law courts had been plunged into internal and external crisis.With the court of King’s Bench as the guide,the common law courts had gradually reversed their decline by simplifying judicial procedures,adopting legal fiction and creating substantive remedies available,actively expanding jurisdiction and improving the internal organizational system.In parallel,the Equitable Court,driven by the Lawyer-Chancellor,gradually regularized and interacted with the common law court.The Catholic court,the feudal manor court and the local customary court inherited from the Middle Ages declined rapidly,and the Admiralty court also gradually declined after the brief expansion of jurisdiction.Thus,the judicial mode of“Dual Interaction”between the common law court and the equity court in modern England was initially formed.Under this model,the Common Law Courts uphold justice with its procedural and formalism,while the Equity Courts make up for the shortcomings of common law with their morality and flexibility.

关 键 词:都铎王朝 普通法法院 衡平法院 海事法院 

分 类 号:D956.1[政治法律—法学] DD916.2

 

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