《民法典》中的公共利益——兼论与公序良俗的界分  

Public Interests in the Civil Code:Also on the Differences with Public Order and Good Custom

作　　者：张钦昱[1] ZHANG Qinyu

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学民商经济法学院

出　　处：《暨南学报（哲学社会科学版）》2021年第7期34-46,共13页Jinan Journal(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：中国政法大学青年教师学术创新团队支持计划(19CXTD07);国家社会科学基金项目“改革开放40年来中国重要经济立法的方法论研究”(19CFX064)。

摘　　要：公共利益与公序良俗在《民法典》、其他法律规范及司法实践中出现混用,运用缺乏规律,亟待界分。公共利益与公序良俗的含义均存在“秩序”和“道德”元素。公共利益中的秩序由外力干预形成,旨在维护弱势群体的利益。公序良俗中的秩序由市民自发形成,是一种建立在主体平等基础上的道德观。公共利益的概念和源起证明了它与私法格格不入,需要借由行政机关和公益组织维护。公序良俗是意思自治的奴婢,在私法疆域发挥效用。即使赋予公共利益的受益者以丰富权利,公共利益也因缺乏天然的维权主体、难以启动维权程序、利益实现机制软弱耗时,在民法框架下无法得到妥善维护。应在划分利益主体、客体和内容,厘清公共利益与公序良俗含义的基础上,将自发形成、自行演变、自力实施条款中的公共利益替换为公序良俗,取代以消极限制为手段的私法权利,并在其他公共利益条款中采取转致适用的表述方法。Public interests and public order and good custom both appear in the Civil Code,other laws and verdict.The application of the two concepts has no patterns.It is necessary to differentiate them.Public interests and public order and good custom both have elements of order and ethics.The order in the public interests is shaped by the external force and is to protect the interests of vulnerable groups.The order in the public order and good custom is formed by the citizens themselves and is a moral concept between the equal subjects.The meaning and the origin of public interests prove that it is incompatible with civil law.Public interests should be protected by administration and commonweal organization.Public order and good custom are subject to autonomy of will and play a role in the civil law area.Even if the beneficiary of public interests is empowered various rights,public interests can hardly be protected by civil law due to the lack of natural protection subjects,disabled starting protection procedure and time-consuming and weak interest realization mechanism.Based on the clarification of the two concepts,the Civil Code should replace public interests with public order and good custom on occasions that civil rights are negatively restricted and public interests can spontaneously form,transfer and put into effect.Renvoi methods can be applied on other public interests'articles in Civil Code.

关 键 词：《民法典》 公共利益 公序良俗 意思自治 转致 

分 类 号：D9[政治法律—法学]