违约金酌减裁判中的认知偏差及其修正  

Cognitive Bias in Discretional Reduction of Liquidated Damages and Bias Correction

作　　者：杨彪[1] 录睿琪 Yang Biao;Lu Ruiqi

机构地区：[1]中山大学法学院,广州510275

出　　处：《广东社会科学》2021年第5期216-227,256,共13页Social Sciences in Guangdong

基　　金：司法部国家法治与法学理论研究项目“司法认知偏差及其纠正机制研究”(项目号17SFB2001)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：违约金酌减以公正原则为指引介入意思自治领域,但其依据中兼顾因素的场景化特征使法官的信息提取呈现混乱情形,传统审理实践已难以处理跨阶段、多情境的信息集合,因此应从决策者法官有限理性的角度进行解析,运用审理表格以分类信息及法官助理的提醒完善信息整合,将偏差情境穿插入法官启发式应用,平衡法官对显著性信息与普通信息的关注度。针对违约金酌减的场景化兼顾因素,法官则应对信息进行可信度、相关度排序,以减少认定履行情况中便利性启发式的不当应用;通过区分缔约履约阶段信息及固定关注点,弱化过错程度认定中多阶段推理误差导致的不当确信;明确行业通行标准,收集新信息以改善预期利益认定中的保守倾向。类推至适用以场景为基础依据的其他案件,应从完善法学教育、强化司法异质性、革新制度情境三方面入手,形成新的控制线索与动机,达到优化信息提取、修正归因失误的效果。Discretional reduction of liquidated damages enters the autonomy of party’s will under principle of fairness,but circumstantial features of criteria make chaos of judge’s information extraction.But traditional judicial trial process also hardly can cope with collective messages,therefore we analyze the problem from the view of judge,utilize trial forms to differentiate the message and make information more inherent by listening to judge assistant’s advice,in order to assert the bias trigger into judge’s heuristics,and balance out the attention for outstanding message and normal ones.For improvement for complement items from discretional reduction of liquidated damages specifically,judge should gather more information,sorting the feasibility and credibility into sequence to reduce the convenience heuristics;differentiate the messages from signing and performing stages,loosening the false certainty from multistage reasoning error;acknowledge the general standard and collect new information to improve the conservative trend.As for other cases pertained to circumstantial basis,we should improve legal education,judicial background and institutional context to form new control clues and motivations,so as to optimize information extraction and correct attribution errors.

关 键 词：违约金 酌减 认知偏差 场景化依据 启发式应用 修正 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学]