氮肥运筹方式对土壤无机氮变化、玉米产量和氮素吸收利用的影响  

Effect of nitrogen management on dynamic changes of soil inorganic nitrogen,yield,nitrogen uptake and utilization of maize

作　　者：张林[1] 武文明[1] 陈欢[1] 陈洪俭[1] 彭晨 王世济[1] 曹承富[1] ZHANG Lin;WU Wen-ming;CHEN Huan;CHEN Hong-jian;PENG Chen;WANG Shi-ji;CAO Cheng-fu(Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Hefei Anhui 230001)

机构地区：[1]安徽省农业科学院,安徽合肥230001

出　　处：《中国土壤与肥料》2021年第4期126-134,共9页Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD0300901,2017YFD 0301307);安徽省农业科学院创新团队项目。

摘　　要：研究氮肥运筹方式对黄淮海南部砂姜黑土区夏玉米生育期间土壤无机氮含量、玉米氮素积累与转运、产量和氮素利用效率的影响,为该地区玉米合理施肥,实现增产增效和轻简化生产提供科学依据。试验于2018年在安徽省蒙城县农业科技示范场进行,以庐玉9105为材料,共设置6个处理,分别为不施氮肥(T1)、常规氮肥一次性基施(T2)、常规氮肥50%基施+50%拔节期追施(T3)、常规氮肥50%基施+50%大喇叭口期追施(T4)、50%常规氮肥+50%控失肥一次性基施(T5)、控失肥减氮25%一次性基施(T6)。T2~T5氮施用量为262.50 kg/hm^(2),T6为195.00 kg/hm^(2)。系统分析了玉米生育期间0~40 cm土层土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量动态变化、玉米开花期和成熟期干物质及氮素积累量,玉米产量、氮素转运、氮肥利用效率及经济效益。结果表明,不同氮肥运筹方式对玉米产量、穗粒数、千粒重及氮肥利用效率有显著影响,常规氮肥一次性基施T2低产低效。拔节期或大喇叭口期追施氮肥通过补充玉米生长中后期土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量,促进了玉米花后氮素积累,减少花前氮素转运,玉米产量、氮肥利用效率(NUE)、吸收效率(NUPE)、农学利用率(NAE)和偏生产力(NPFP)比T2分别增加6.89%~11.11%、18.84%~24.48%、7.15%~9.29%、23.49%~37.88%和6.89%~11.11%。T5处理玉米开花后0~40 cm土层土壤硝态氮和铵态氮高于T2,其有利于耕层土壤氮素持续有效供应,增加花后干物质和氮素积累量,花前氮素转运率和转运对籽粒贡献率比T2分别显著减少11.58%和22.16%,玉米产量、NUE、NUPE、NAE和NPFP分别达到9535.15 kg/hm^(2)、36.01%、0.82 kg/kg、14.00kg/kg和36.32 kg/kg,比T2分别显著增加15.00%、27.88%、10.59%、51.14%和15.00%;其效果优于常规氮肥两次施用,经济效益比常规氮肥两次施用增加706.94~1302.08元/hm^(2)。T6与T2玉米产量、效益相当,但NUE、NUPE、NAE和NPFP分别显著增加41.96%、37.41%The field experiment was conducted to study the effects of nitrogen management on the dynamic changes of soil inorganic nitrogen,nitrogen uptake and translocation,yield and nitrogen use efficiency of summer maize in lime concretion black soil of the south of Huang-Huai-Hai region.The study aimed to provide scientific basis for rational fertilization of maize in this area,to increase production and efficiency,and to simplify production.The field experiment was conducted at the experimental station of Mengcheng Agricultural Scientific Institute,Anhui Province in 2018.The maize hybrid was Luyu9105 in this experiment.Six fertilization treatments were compared,including no nitrogen fertilizer(T1),one-off application of convention nitrogen fertilizer(T2),1∶1 split application of convention nitrogen fertilizer between base and topdressing at jointing stage(T3),1∶1 split application of convention nitrogen fertilizer between base and topdressing at big flare stage(T4),one-off application of convention and losscontrol fertilizer(1∶1,T5),one-off application of loss-control fertilizer with the amount of nitrogen input was 25% reduction.(T6).N at a rate of 262.50 kg/hm^(2) was used in T2 ~ T5,and 195.00 kg/hm^(2) in T6.The results showed that different nitrogen management significantly affected the grain yield and yield components,plant nitrogen uptake and accumulation,and nitrogen use efficiency.Topdressing of convention nitrogen increased NH_(4)^(+)-N and NO_(3)^(-)-N content at 0 ~ 40 cm layer soil from anthesis stage to maturing stage,and promoted nitrogen accumulation of maize,while decreased nitrogen translocation from vegetative organs to grain pre-anthesis than 100% basal fertilizer.T3 and T4 treatments increased maize yield,nitrogen use efficiency(NUE),nitrogen uptake efficiency(NUPE),agronomy efficiency(NAE)and partial factor productivity(NPFP)by 6.89% ~ 11.11%,18.84% ~ 24.48%,7.15% ~ 9.29%,23.49% ~ 37.88% and 6.89% ~ 11.11%,respectively,compared to N2.NH_(4)^(+)-N and NO_(3)^(-)-N content at 0 ~ 40 cm layer s

关 键 词：玉米 控失肥 一次性施肥 产量 氮素转运 氮素利用效率 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]