《民法典》对担保制度的新发展及其实践影响--兼论《民法典担保制度司法解释》的适用范围  

The Civil Code's New Development of Guarantee System and Its Influence on Practice

作　　者：吴光荣[1] WU Guangrong

机构地区：[1]国家法官学院

出　　处：《法治研究》2021年第4期18-31,共14页Research on Rule of Law

摘　　要：《民法典》通过“其他具有担保功能的合同”将担保制度扩大到所有权保留买卖、融资租赁和保理等合同中的非典型担保方式,同时通过修改有关流押契约或流质契约的规定,为让与担保制度的承认提供了法律基础。尽管担保制度的外延得到扩张,但仍有必要严格区分担保制度和具有担保功能的制度。《民法典》中大量具有担保功能的制度虽然不是担保制度,但对担保制度的适用会产生重大影响。《民法典》施行后,独立担保的存在空间进一步被压缩,独立保函应被理解为备用信用证的替代形式,不适用《民法典》关于保证制度的规定;保函或者担保合同的独立性被认定无效后,担保人应承担何种性质的责任,值得探讨。为平衡对债权人和担保人的保护,《民法典》不仅修改了保证方式和保证期间的推定规则,而且在赋予抵押权追及效力的基础上允许抵押财产的自由转让,但对此应适当加以限制,而其法律基础之一,则是《民法典》对动产和权利担保制度所作的发展。With the concept of the"other contracts with guarantee function",the Civil Code extends the guarantee system to the non-typical guarantee methods in the contracts of title retention sale,finance lease and factoring,etc.At the same time,it provides the legal basis for the recognition of the transfer guarantee system by modifying the provisions of fluidity contract.Although the guarantee system has been expanded,it is still necessary to strictly distinguish the guarantee system from the system with guarantee function.A large number of systems which have guarantee function in the Civil Code are not guarantee systems.This distinction will have a great impact on the application of guarantee systems.With the implementation of the Civil Code,the existence space of independent guarantee is further compressed.The independent guarantee should be understood as an alternative form of standby letter of credit,and the provisions on guarantee system in the Civil Code are not applicable.If the independence of the guarantee or guarantee contract is invalid,it is worth discussing what kind of liability the guarantor should bear.To balance the protection of creditors and the guarantor,the Civil Code changed the presumption rules of the liability and during in guarantee,and on the basis of effectiveness of the mortgage,the Civil Code allows the free transfer of the mortgaged property with appropriate limits.The legal basis of the limits is the development of the Civil Code in personal property and rights guarantee system.

关 键 词：民法典 担保制度 让与担保 独立担保 动产抵押 

分 类 号：D923.2[政治法律—民商法学]