固定源大气污染物排放标准体系构建:原则、框架与路径  

Structure of emission standards system for stationary sources of air pollution:principle,framework and approach

作　　者：王亚琼 赵英煚 王颖 宋国君[1] WANG Yaqiong;ZHAO Yingjiong;WANG Ying;SONG Guojun(School of Environmental&Natural Resources,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872,China;Xianyang Municipal Ecological Environment Bureau,Xianyang Shaanxi 712000,China;Hebei Dezheng Law Firm,Shijiazhuang Hebei 050061,China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学环境学院,北京100872 [2]咸阳市生态环境局,陕西咸阳712000 [3]河北得正律师事务所,河北石家庄050061

出　　处：《中国人口·资源与环境》2021年第8期54-61,共8页China Population,Resources and Environment

基　　金：中国人民大学2021年度“中央高校建设世界一流大学(学科)和特色发展引导专项资金”项目。

摘　　要：该研究放眼体制改革和社会转型整体趋势,结合2018年《标准化法》确定的多元标准制定主体、强制性与推荐性并存的多元效力格局,基于环境规制理论,参考美国、欧盟的经验和教训,并结合我国排污许可制改革的迅速推进和已经建立的相对于美国、欧盟更好的信息机制基础,构建由强制性国家排放标准、推荐性国家排放标准、团体排放标准和企业排放标准三类排放标准组成固定源大气污染物排放标准体系框架,以满足排污许可制度实施、空气质量管理和环境保护技术进步的需求。具体包括:(1)强制性国家排放标准基于现有的成熟技术制定,作为底线排放标准,不与大气环境质量直接挂钩;(2)推荐性国家排放标准基于先进技术制定,比强制性国家排放标准严格,由国家统一管理但由地方通过许可程序选用合适的排放限值,重点服务于地方大气环境质量改善;(3)团体排放标准和企业排放标准最严格,在制定程序和排放限值的呈现形式方面自由度更大,由市场主体制定和执行,大幅增加排放标准供给,作为最主要的拉动固定源技术创新、促进环境保护技术进步的动力。Taking into consideration of the overall trend of system reform and social transformation,combined with the basic pattern of multiple standard setting subjects,the coexistence of mandatory and recommended effects determined by the Standardization Act of2018,based on the theory of environmental regulation,referring to the experience and lessons of the United States and the European Union and combined with the rapid progress of China’s emission permit system reform and the established better information mechanism compared to that of the United States and of the European Union,this study constructs the framework of China’s fixed source air pollutant emission standards system,which is composed of mandatory national emission standards,recommended national emission standards,group emission standards and enterprise emission standards,so as to meet the needs of emission permit system implementation,air quality management and environmental protection technology progress.In specific,the framework incorporates the following aspects:(1)Mandatory national emission standards are based on the existing state-of-the-art technology as the bottom line emission standards,not directly linked with the ambient air quality.(2)The recommended national emission standards are based on advanced technology,and are more stringent than the mandatory national emission standards.They are regulated by the state,but the local governments select the appropriate emission limits through the permit procedure,which focuses on the improvement of local ambient air quality.(3)Group emission standards and enterprise emission standards are the most stringent,but they have more freedom in the standard-setting procedures and the presentation of emission limits.Market entities should formulate and implement emission standards,so that the supply of emission standards should be greatly increased.These standards should be the main driving force to promote fixed source technology innovation and environmental protection technology progress.

关 键 词：固定污染源 排放标准体系 技术进步 排污许可制度 

分 类 号：X322[环境科学与工程—环境工程]