农民集体与集体经济组织的法律地位和主体性关系  

The Legal Status and Subjective Relationship Between "Peasant Collective" and "Collective Economic Organization"

作　　者：王洪平[1] WANG Hongping(School of Law,Yantai University,Yantai Shandong 264005,China)

机构地区：[1]烟台大学法学院,山东烟台264005

出　　处：《法学论坛》2021年第5期18-28,共11页Legal Forum

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目《农村集体产权制度改革的法治保障研究》(19ZDA156)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：农民集体与集体经济组织的法律地位及二者的主体性关系,是未来"农村集体经济组织法"立法应先予厘清的基础性问题。集体具有"拟制法人"的独立民事主体地位,其性质为"中间团体",具有法人性与拟制性、公法性与私法性、社团性与财团性、公有性与私人性等多重中间性法律人格。集体经济组织的组织形态是以公有制为基础的合作社法人,与典型的"合作社"不具有同质性。农村要素的市场化配置运作要求开放农村市场,破除集体经济组织对农村要素市场准入的垄断性壁垒。集体经济组织不具有破产能力,这是其作为特别法人的"法定特别性"之一。农村集体经济的市场化运行应借鉴国有资产(资本)的"授权经营"体制,实现集体所有权与集体经济组织经营权的"两权分离"。集体经济组织应建立起党组织领导、理事会决策、经理层经营管理的科学治理结构。集体经济组织依其性质不能设立成员大会或者成员代表大会,亦无必要单设监事会,其监督职能应"外挂"于村民委员会。应把集体经济组织打造成集体资产市场化运作的专业平台,使其不再从事具体的生产经营活动。集体对本集体经济组织的投资运营授权应采取清单管理制度,集体经济组织按照集体的授权或者法律的规定履行出资人职责。The legal status and subjective relationship of "peasant collective" and "collective economic organization" are the basic issues to be clarified in the future legislation of "rural collective economic organization law". Collective has the independent civil subject status of "fictitious legal person", whose nature is "intermediary group", and has multiple intermediate legal personality, such as legal person and fictitious, public law and private law, association and consortium, public and private. The organizational form of collective economic organization is cooperative legal person based on public ownership, which is different from the typical "cooperative". The market-oriented allocation of rural elements requires opening up the rural market and breaking the monopoly barriers of collective economic organizations to the market access of rural elements. Collective economic organizations do not have the ability of bankruptcy, which is one of the "legal particularities" as special legal persons. The market-oriented operation of rural collective economy should draw lessons from the "authorized management" system of state-owned assets(capital) to realize the "separation of two rights" between collective ownership and management right of collective economic organization. Collective economic organizations should establish a scientific governance structure with the leadership of the party organization, the decision-making of the council and the management of the managers. According to its nature, a collective economic organization can not set up a general meeting or a representative meeting of its members, and it is not necessary to set up a board of supervisors alone. Its supervisory function should be "external" to the villagers’ committee. Collective economic organizations should be built into a professional platform for the market-oriented operation of collective assets, so that they are no longer engaged in specific production and operation activities. The collective shall adopt the list management system for the

关 键 词：农民集体 集体经济组织 拟制法人 中间团体 合作社 破产能力 授权经营 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]