绅士无以救时:咸丰六年清廷推行团练“任官督率”的背景与意蕴  

Local Gentry Cannot Save:Background and Significance of Qing Court’s Implementation on“Officials Handling”Militia in 1856

作　　者：崔岷 CUI Min(Faculty of History,Nankai University,Tianjin 300350,China)

机构地区：[1]南开大学历史学院,天津300350

出　　处：《安徽史学》2021年第5期37-45,共9页Historical Research In Anhui

摘　　要：咸丰三年后京内外官员对于团练效果的激烈批评使得实际承担办团使命的钦派在籍绅士承受了无以救时的沉重压力。在咸丰六年镇压太平天国的军事行动严重受挫的背景下,急于改善团练效果的清廷从相对易于调整和见效的“治法”入手,尝试在10个形势紧要省份推行团练“任官督率”方案,以期收回从地方官员转移至钦派绅士的团练控制权。然而,十省督抚对“任官督率”方案的变通和迁延表明,尽管此前数年对钦派绅士多有不满,责重事繁的“办理团练”事宜务须统合官绅之力仍属共识。咸丰六年的“任官督率”尝试是嘉庆年间首次广泛兴办团练以来清廷从“顶层设计”上探索社会动员策略过程中的重要节点。揭示其背景和意蕴,不仅有助于进一步认识咸同时期团练的作用与角色,亦可加深对于晚清时期的官绅关系和国家如何实现社会动员的理解。After 1853,officials’fierce criticism on the effect of militia arose made local gentries who were appointed to organize militia by the Court endure heavy pressure of being unable to save the age.Under the background of severe setbacks in military campaign to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in 1856,the Court,eager to improve the effect of militia from relatively adjust-easy and easy-to-take-effect“method of governance”,attempted to implement a“officials handling”proposal in ten situation-critical provinces.The purpose was to regain control of militia from royal-appointed gentries,whose power was newly transferred from local governors.However,governors in these ten provinces procrastinated the proposal in a flexible way.It indicates that although there was a lot of dissatisfaction with royal-appointed gentries in the previous few years,it is still a consensus that the heavy-loaded“organizing militia”with heavy responsibility must integrate the power of both officials and gentries.Since the first extensive organizing of militia in the Jiaqing period,the attempt of“officials handling”in 1856 was an important node in the process of the Qing court’s exploration on social mobilization strategies from the“top-level design”.Revealing its background and significance not only helps to further recognize the effectiveness and role of militia in the Xianfeng-Tongzhi period,but also deepens the understanding of the relationship between officials and gentries in the late Qing Dynasty and how the state achieved social mobilization.

关 键 词：在籍绅士 团练 太平天国 官绅关系 社会动员 

分 类 号：K252[历史地理—历史学]