赴日观操与清末军事改革——以日本陆军特别大演习为线索  

Observing Maneuvers and the Military Reform in the Late Qing Dynasty:Based on Indications from the Japanese Army Special Large-Scale Maneuvers

作　　者：陶祺谌 TAO Qichen(School of Marxism,Harbin Institute of Technology,Shenzhen 518055,China)

机构地区：[1]哈尔滨工业大学[深圳]马克思主义学院,广东深圳518055

出　　处：《安徽史学》2021年第5期61-68,77,共9页Historical Research In Anhui

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“清末政府聘用日本军人问题与军事现代化研究”(17CZS023)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：清末政府派员参观日本陆军特别大演习,是其学习日本以推动军事改革的重要方法。自1898年起至1911年止,清政府派员赴日观操大致经历了两个阶段,起初清廷放权地方督抚派员,1903年后转为清廷直接派员,收束地方派员权力。就观操员在日本考察的情况而言,考察内容主要包括共同观摩特别大演习,以及军事演习之外的一系列考察,但他们的侧重点、学习效果不尽相同。清政府持续十数年派员参观日本特别大演习,对清末军事改革产生了一定程度的积极影响,但是未能将日本军事经验有效地吸收并转化到清末军事改革的实践中,最终没有建立一套完备的近代军事力量体系,表现出极大的局限性。Qing Government sent officials to observe the Japanese Army Special Large-Scale Maneuvers in the late Qing Dynasty,it’s the important method in learning Japanese to promote the military reform.From 1898 to 1911,observations to maneuvers went through two stages.At first,the Qing Court decentralized the power to local governors.After 1903,the Qing Court sent officials directly and retook the power.For officials’observations in Japan,the content mainly included observations of the Japanese Army Special Large-Scale Maneuvers and other inspections.But their emphasized aspects and learning effects were not the same.The Qing Government’s observations to Japanese army maneuvers had a positive impact to military reform.However,the Qing Government could not absorb and transform the Japanese experience to the concrete practice of military reform,and did not establish a Modern Military System.

关 键 词：清政府 军事改革 特别大演习 现代军事制度 中日关系 

分 类 号：K252[历史地理—历史学]