战后赔偿:美苏对德占领政策中的合作与冲突-关于美苏冷战起源的经济因素(讨论之四)  

Post-war Reparation Reflecting the Cooperation and Confrontations in US and Soviet Postwar Policies toward the Occupation of Germany:The Economic Factors Contributing to the Cause of the Cold War between the US and the Soviet Union(the 4th Discussion)

作　　者：沈志华[1] SHEN Zhi-hua

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学历史系暨社会主义历史与文献研究院,上海200241

出　　处：《华东师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2021年第5期60-100,238,239,共43页Journal of East China Normal University（Humanities and Social Sciences）

基　　金：华东师范大学“幸福之花”基金先导项目(项目编号:2019ECNU-XFZH002)。

摘　　要：赔偿问题是美苏对德政策的重要内容之一。美苏在战后德国赔偿问题上经历了从协商、合作走向分裂、对抗的历史过程。在雅尔塔和波茨坦会议上,美苏求同存异在对德索赔问题上达成共识,确定了赔偿原则。尽管苏联在东部地区采取单边行动,且战后美苏矛盾加剧,但双方还是在实现大国合作的愿望中于1946年3月制定了统一的赔偿计划。然而,由于双方在赔偿的基本方针和目标上产生的分歧加剧,统一赔偿计划从未得到落实。1947年4月莫斯科外长会议后美苏在赔偿问题上分道扬镳,是年底的伦敦外长会议终于为盟国共同索赔画上了句号。苏联对德占领政策的核心是获取战争赔偿;德国分裂的根源是美苏在赔偿问题上的决裂;美苏对德占领政策分歧的起点也在于赔偿问题。An important issue in US and Soviet postwar policies toward Germany was about German reparation.Over this issue,the US-Soviet relations went through a historical process from consultation and cooperation to disagreements and confrontation.At the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences,the two governments reached an agreement on German reparation based on the principles of seeking their common ground while shelving their differences.When the World War II ended,the Soviets began to act unilaterally in eastern Germany,and the US-Soviet disputes over other issues also became intensified.Nevertheless,the two governments continued to pursue big-power cooperation and were able to adopt a common plan for German reparation in March 1946.Eventually,the plan was not implemented because the two sides could not overcome disagreements on basic orientations and policy goals in enforcing German reparation.In April 1947,at the conference of foreign ministers in Moscow,the US and the Soviet governments parted their ways over the reparation issue.In the end of the year,the conference of foreign ministers in London decisively ended an allied common approach to the reparation issue.The Soviet occupation policy in Germany focused on obtaining war reparations. The origin of Germany’s division was the US-Soviet split over the reparation issue. The US-Soviet disagreement over an occupation policy in Germany also began with the reparation issue.

关 键 词：战争赔偿 对德占领 美苏关系 冷战起源 

分 类 号：K153[历史地理—历史学] F119[历史地理—世界史]