财政与僧政:从民间赋役文书看明初佛教政策  

The Policy of Finance and Monks: Viewing the Policy on Buddhism in the Early Ming Dynasty from the Folk Documents on Taxes and Corvee

作　　者：周荣[1] Zhou Rong

机构地区：[1]武汉大学中国传统文化研究中心、武汉大学图书馆,武汉430072

出　　处：《清华大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2021年第5期95-106,209,210,共14页Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“地方宗教文献与明清佛教世俗化研究”(16JJD730006);国家社会科学基金重大项目“清代财政转型与国家财政治理能力研究”(15ZDB037)、“国家治理视角下传统中国货币与财政关系研究”(20ZD064)。

摘　　要：明代财政和"僧政"的关系十分密切,从财政赋役状况出发透视"僧政"是一个新颖的视角,反之亦然。朝廷的敕谕、诏令等官方文献所反映的主要是明初财政和佛教政策制订时的理念和条文,民间赋役文书则能直观真实地反映朝廷政策在基层社会实施的情形。《吴氏祊坑永禧寺真迹录》和《十王院民由》显现了明初僧户入籍的过程和僧户被编纳民差的情形。南京城墙砖文则真实地记录了僧户和僧人与军、民、匠一起被编入城砖烧造、运输的职役系统的事实。这些民间文献均反映出,明初严苛的政策条文在基层社会都有相当的调适和变易空间。只有从顶层设计与基层运作、官方文献和民间文献相结合的视角来观察和审视,认识到相关制度规定因时立制的阶段性特征和上下有别的层次性,才能立体地把握和深入理解明初的佛教政策,以及财政赋役政策在基层落实的情况。The relationship between finance and monks policy in the Ming Dynasty was very close. It is a novel viewpoint to understand monks policy from the perspective of finance and taxes and corvee,and vice versa.Official documents such as"Chi Yu"and"Zhao Ling"mainly reflect the ideas and provisions of the finance and Buddhism policies in the early Ming Dynasty. The folk documents on taxes and corvee can intuitively and truly reflect the implementation of imperial policies in the grassroots society. The inscriptions on the bricks of the city wall of Nanjing truly recorded the fact that the monks household( Senghu) and monks,together with the army household,civilians household,and craftsmen,were incorporated into the duty system of city brick burning and transportation. This sort of folk literature all reflects that the strict policy provisions of the early Ming Dynasty had considerable room for adjustment and change in the grassroots society. This article observes and examines from the perspective of the combination of top-level design and grassroots operations,official documents and folk literature,and realizes that the relevant system regulations are based on the phases of the system and the different levels of the upper and lower levels,so as to grasp and understand in depth the policy on Buddhism in the early Ming Dynasty and the implementation of the fiscal revenue policy at the grassroots level.

关 键 词：明初 赋役文书 佛教政策 民间文献 

分 类 号：B949.2[哲学宗教—宗教学] K248[历史地理—历史学] F812.9[历史地理—中国史]