外国军舰在俄罗斯北方海航道领海的无害通过:理论、实践与借鉴  

Foreign warship’s innocent passage through the territorial sea of Northern Sea Route:theory,practice and reference

作　　者：王泽林[1] WANG Ze-lin(School of International Law,Northwest University of Political Science and Law,Xi’an 710063,China)

机构地区：[1]西北政法大学国际法学院,陕西西安710063

出　　处：《中国海商法研究》2021年第3期21-32,共12页Chinese Journal of Maritime Law

基　　金：国家海洋局极地考察办公室极地战略研究项目(JDB20210201)。

摘　　要：自20世纪60年代美国军舰在北方海航道领海航行受阻后,外国军舰在该航道领海的航行冲突至今未能解决。对于外国军舰是否享有领海的无害通过权这一问题,从苏联到俄罗斯立场经历三次转变,俄罗斯目前虽然承认外国军舰享有该项权利,但是2019年制定的法规草案要求外国军舰通过北方海航道的领海需向俄罗斯提前通知,对原先的立场作出修正。《联合国海洋法公约》对这一问题规定模糊,国家在实践中形成三种做法,分别是事先批准、事先通知和无需批准或通知。规范军舰无害通过领海的习惯国际法并未形成,中国坚持军舰进入中国领海需要事先获得批准,这一立场近年持续遭到美国的挑战。俄罗斯的实践操作以及对国际规则的解释和利用对中国处理相关争端具有借鉴意义。The disputes of foreign warships navigation in the territorial sea of Northern Sea Route have not been resolved since the navigation of US warships was blocked in the 1960s.Regarding the question of whether foreign warships enjoy the right of innocent passage in the territorial sea,after three changes in the position from Soviet Union to Russia,Russia currently recognizes that warships have the right of innocent passage.But the new draft rule of 2019 would require a notice before the start of the proposed passage through the territorial sea in the Northern Sea Route.The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea is vague on this issue,states have formed three ways in practice,namely prior approval,prior notification and without any approval or notification.The customary international law has not been formed.China insists that foreign warships need to get prior approval before enter China’s territorial sea.This position has been constantly challenged by the United States in recent years.Russia’s operations in practice,and its interpretation and use of international rules are of important reference for China to resolve related disputes.

关 键 词：军舰 北方海航道 领海 无害通过权 冰封区域 

分 类 号：D993.5[政治法律—国际法学]