异质生境下访花昆虫对枣花生物学特性的适应性  

Adaptation of Flower-Visiting Insects to Biological Characteristics of Jujube Flowers in Heterogeneous Habitats

作　　者：程静 王海香[1] 薛婉怡 邓彩萍[1] Cheng Jing;Wang Haixiang;Xue Wanyi;Deng Caiping(College of Forestry,Shanxi Agricultural University,Taigu 030801)

机构地区：[1]山西农业大学林学院,太谷030801

出　　处：《林业科学》2021年第8期121-132,共12页Scientia Silvae Sinicae

基　　金：山西省农业科技成果转化和推广示范项目“黄河滩枣主要病害绿色防控技术体系的集成示范”(SXNKTG201715)。

摘　　要：【目的】枣树为虫媒花果树,探索枣花生物学特征与访枣花昆虫之间的适应性,辨析不同扰动生境下访花昆虫访花行为的差异,将有助于保护枣园中访花传粉昆虫,为枣树授粉受精率的提高奠定基础。【方法】以山西省太谷县小白乡的壶瓶枣为研究对象,分别用联苯胺-过氧化氢法、碘-碘化钾染色法、微量进样器法测定枣花的柱头可授性、花粉活力以及泌蜜量;采用目测法、网捕法及粘板法相结合,调查人类高扰动和低扰动2种枣园生境中访花昆虫的数量及行为,并进行统计分析。【结果】1)枣花花期分为蕾裂期、初开期、萼片展平期、花瓣雄蕊分离期、花瓣展平期、花瓣下垂期、雄蕊下垂期7个阶段。整个开花过程在24 h内完成。花药在开花当天中午12:00左右开裂,花粉活力在13:00左右达到最大,为68.35%;柱头在16:30发育成熟,柱头可授性在开花翌日13:00—15:00最强。枣花柱头可授性与花粉活力均为先上升后下降的趋势。2)2个样地共采集到枣花访花昆虫3090头,经鉴定隶属8目57科,共90种,包括膜翅目、双翅目、鞘翅目、鳞翅目、缨翅目、半翅目、脉翅目和啮虫目。其中膜翅目、双翅目、半翅目和鞘翅目昆虫科数最多,分别占总科数的33.33%、19.30%、15.79%和14.04%;双翅目、缨翅目、膜翅目昆虫个体数最多,分别占总个体数的36.47%、24.72%和18.71%。3)高扰动样地访花昆虫共计43种703头,低扰动样地访花昆虫共85种2387头,2个样地的访花昆虫均为膜翅目种数最多;高扰动样地中缨翅目个体数量显著高于其他目,优势访花昆虫为取食花朵的昆虫;低扰动样地双翅目个体数量显著高于其他目,优势访花昆虫为传粉昆虫,并且低扰动样地传粉型昆虫显著大于高扰动样地。4)枣花花蜜分泌时长约为12 h。低扰动样地13:00左右花蜜分泌量最多,访花昆虫在10:00—16:00数量最多,访花昆虫活动高峰期以�【Objective】Jujube is a fruit-borne tree with entomophilous flowers.This study aims to explore the adaptability of flower-visiting insects to biological characteristics of jujube flowers by analyzing the differences of visiting behaviors of visiting insects in different disturbed habitats,which is beneficial to protect pollinating insects in jujube garden and lays a foundation for improving the pollination rate of jujube.【Method】Huping jujube in Xiaobai Township,Taigu County,Shanxi Province was selected as the research object.The stigma receptivity,pollen viability and nectar secretion of jujube flowers were determined by benzidine-hydrogen peroxide method,iodide-iodine kalium staining method and micro sampler method,respectively.The number and behavior of flower-visiting insects in high disturbance and low disturbance jujube orchards were investigated by the method of visual observation,net catching and sticky plate.The collected data was subjected to statistical analysis.【Result】1)The flowering stage of jujube can be divided into seven stages:bud cracking stage,initial opening stage,sepal flattening stage,petal stamen separation stage,petal flattening stage,petal drooping stage and stamen drooping stage.The whole flowering process was completed within 24 hours.Anthers dehiscence occured at about 12:00 at noon on the flowering day.Pollen vitality reaches its maximum around 13:00,which is 68.35%.The stigma became mature at 16:30,and has the strongest receptivity from 13:00 to 15:00 on the second day after the blooming.The stigma receptivity and pollen viability of jujube flower presented the trend that first increased and then decreased.2)A total of 3090 visiting insects of jujube flowers were collected in the two plots,belonging to 8 orders,57 families and 90 species,including Hymenoptera,Diptera,Coleoptera,Lepidoptera,Thysanoptera,Hemiptera,Neuroptera and Psocoptera.Among them,Hymenoptera,Diptera,Hemiptera and Coleoptera had the most families,accounting for 33.33%,19.30%,15.79%and 14.04%of the total

关 键 词：扰动生境 柱头可授性 花粉活力 泌蜜量 访枣花昆虫 

分 类 号：S763.7[农业科学—森林保护学]