社区尺度的北京中心城区应急避难场所布局合理性研究  

Reasonability of spatial distribution for urban emergency shelter in central district of Beijing at community scale

作　　者：周爱华[1] 谌丽[1] 朱海勇[1] 陈思宇 ZHOU Ai-hua;CHEN Li;ZHU Hai-yong;CHEN Si-yu(College of Applied Arts and Science,Beijing Union University,Beijing 100191,China)

机构地区：[1]北京联合大学应用文理学院,北京100191

出　　处：《安全与环境学报》2021年第4期1662-1669,共8页Journal of Safety and Environment

基　　金：国家自然科学基金面上项目(42071215)。

摘　　要：应急避难场所是应对城市突发公共事件的重要灾民安置设施,应急避难场所的布局合理性直接影响城市应急防灾能力与效果。基于社区尺度、入口供给、分段阈值,采用高斯两步移动搜寻法和反向高斯两步移动搜寻法,研究北京中心城区应急避难场所的可达性与拥挤度,并结合服务面积比、服务人口比、服务人口缺口等指标评价北京中心城区应急避难场所的布局合理性。结果表明,对避难场所可达性好的社区连片存在于首都功能核心区及其临近区域,呈蘑菇形分布,东城区全域可享受避难服务;对避难场所不具可达性的社区主要存在于中心城区边缘地带,但西城、海淀相邻地区也有部分社区对避难场所不具可达性。中心城区避难场所的拥挤度也存在较大差异,城区避难场所拥挤度均值为16.17,避难服务竞争激烈。总体上,北京中心城区的避难场所布局上仍然存在不均衡性,不能完全满足城区居民的避难需求。建议合理利用已有绿地、学校、广场等资源规划建设新的避难场所,或改扩建已有避难场所,以满足更多居民的避难需求。Emergency shelter is an important resettlement facility for victims of urban public emergencies,and the spatial distribution of emergency shelters directly affects the ability and effect of urban emergency disaster prevention.Based on the community scale,the optimization condition of entrance supply and segmentation threshold,accessibility and crowdedness of Beijing urban emergency shelter were studied using the Gaussian two-step floating catchment area method and inverted Gaussian two-step floating catchment area method.Besides,combining the indices such as shelter service area ratio,service population radio,and service population gap,the reasonability evaluation of spatial distribution for Beijing urban emergency shelter can be obtained.The research scale is smaller,the data is more detailed,and the research results are more in line with the objective reality.The results show that the communities with good accessibility to shelters exist in the core area of the capital and its adjacent areas,with a mushroom-shaped distribution.The whole area of Dongcheng District can obtain refuge services.The communities with unreachable shelters are mainly located at the edge of the Central District of Beijing,but there are some communities in the adjacent areas of Xicheng and Haidian.The crowdedness degree of shelters in the central urban area is also significantly different.The average crowdedness degree of shelters in the central urban area is 16.17,so the competition for shelter services is fierce.In general,although the spatial distribution of emergency shelters in the central city develops towards a more balanced direction,and Dongcheng,Chaoyang,and Haidian are the districts with better shelters,there is still an imbalance in the spatial distribution of shelters in the Central District of Beijing,which cannot fully meet the needs of urban residents.It is suggested that the existing green space,school,square,and other resources should be rationally used to plan and construct new shelters,or the existing shelters should b

关 键 词：公共安全 应急避难场所 可达性 拥挤度 高斯两步移动搜寻法 社区尺度 

分 类 号：X620.99[环境科学与工程]