北方麦区小麦产量与蛋白质含量变化对土壤硝态氮的响应  

Response of Wheat Yield and Protein Concentration to Soil Nitrate in Northern Wheat Production Region of China

作　　者：马悦 田怡 苑爱静 王浩琳 李永华 黄婷苗[1] 黄宁 李超 党海燕 邱炜红[1] 何刚[1] 王朝辉[1,2] 石美 MA Yue;TIAN Yi;YUAN AiJing;WANG HaoLin;LI YongHua;HUANG TingMiao;HUANG Ning;LI Chao;DANG HaiYan;QIU WeiHong;HE Gang;WANG ZhaoHui;SHI Mei(College of Natural Resources and Environment,Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-Environment in Northwest China,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Yangling 712100,Shaanxi;Northwest A&F University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas,Yangling 712100,Shaanxi)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院/农业农村部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100 [2]西北农林科技大学/旱区作物逆境生物学国家重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2021年第18期3903-3918,共16页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0200400);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-03)。

摘　　要：【目的】分析我国北方麦区不同土壤硝态氮残留梯度下减施氮肥后小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质含量变化,为保证合理减施氮肥,有效降低麦田土壤硝态氮残留提供理论依据。【方法】于2018—2019年在我国北方麦区43个地点进行田间试验,研究不同硝态氮残留情况下氮肥减施对小麦产量、蛋白质含量、产量构成及氮素吸收利用的影响。【结果】与农户施肥相比,监控施肥的氮肥用量减少55 kg·hm^(-2)(26%),产量为5885 kg·hm^(-2),比农户施肥增产3.1%,籽粒蛋白质含量为132.4 g·kg^(-1),与农户施肥相比无显著差异。当1 m土层硝态氮残留量<55 kg·hm^(-2)时,小麦产量最低,为4252 kg·hm^(-2),硝态氮残留在55—100 kg·hm^(-2)时,产量达到最高,为7186 kg·hm^(-2),硝态氮残留量过高并不能持续提高小麦产量;当土壤硝态氮残留量<100 kg·hm^(-2)时,不施氮肥小麦产量会显著降低,但采用监控施肥技术合理减施氮肥,无论土壤硝态氮残留多少,均不会减产。土壤硝态氮残留>300 kg·hm^(-2)时,小麦籽粒的蛋白质含量达到最高,平均为146.93 g·kg^(-1);当土壤硝态氮残留量<200 kg·hm^(-2)时,不施氮肥会显著降低籽粒蛋白质含量,但通过监控土壤硝态氮合理减施氮肥,无论硝态氮残留高低,均不会降低籽粒蛋白质含量;硝态氮残留介于55—100 kg·hm^(-2)时,农户与监控施肥处理的小麦籽粒蛋白质含量分别为124.5和123.1 g·kg^(-1)。采用监控施肥技术,小麦氮肥吸收效率(地上部吸氮量/施氮量)与氮肥偏生产力分别为1.36和45.7 kg·kg^(-1),较农户施肥显著提高61.5%和57.1%。【结论】综合考虑维持北方麦区小麦较高的产量和蛋白质含量,收获期1 m土层硝态氮残留量应介于55—100 kg·hm^(-2)。基于小麦目标产量、籽粒蛋白质含量和土壤硝态氮监控,确定合理的氮肥用量,对实现小麦氮肥减施、绿色生产有重要意义。【Objective】The changes of wheat grain yield and protein concentration caused by reduced nitrogen(N)fertilizer at different soil nitrate N residue levels were clarified,for the purpose of N fertilizer reduction and soil residual nitrate N decline in northern wheat production region of China.【Method】In our research,43-site field experiments from 2018 to 2019 were conducted in northern wheat region of China,to investigate the effects of reduced N fertilizer on grain yield,protein concentration,yield components,and N uptake and utilization of wheat at different soil nitrate N residue levels.【Result】The results showed that the recommended fertilizer application based on soil nitrate test(RF)could reduce N rates by 55 kg·hm^(-2),correspond 26%of farmers’fertilizer application(FF).Compared with the FF,the grain yield(5885 kg·hm^(-2))of RF was increased by 3.1%,while no significant difference was observed for grain protein concentration between the two treatments.For the minimum of grain yield was found to be 4252 kg·hm^(-2) when the soil nitrate N residue was less than 55 kg·hm^(-2),and the maximum was 7186 kg·hm^(-2) at the soil nitrate N residue level of 55-100 kg·hm^(-2).Higher soil nitrate N residue was not capable to increase the grain yield sustainability.For recommended fertilizer application based on soil nitrate test without N added(RF-N),the grain yield was significantly decreased with the corresponding soil nitrate N residue less than 100 kg·hm^(-2),while no obvious reduction for grain yield for the RF regardless of nitrate N residue levels in soils.The grain protein concentration reached the highest when the soil nitrate-N residue was higher than 300 kg·hm^(-2).The grain protein concentration was significantly decreased in RF-N,when the soil nitrate N residue was less than 200 kg·hm^(-2),but it was not influenced obviously by soil nitrate N residue in the RF treatment.With soil nitrate N residue ranging from 55 to 100 kg·hm^(-2),the grain protein concentration of FF and RF was 124.5 a

关 键 词：硝态氮残留 小麦 产量 蛋白质 氮肥减施 

分 类 号：S512.1[农业科学—作物学]