论古代以色列王国时期的长老阶层--构成、起源及其政治地位  

Formation,Origin,and Political Status of the Elder Class in Israelite Monarchic Period

作　　者：张若一 Zhang Ruoyi(Institute of Literary Studies,Shanghai International Studies University,Shanghai,200083,China)

机构地区：[1]上海外国语大学文学研究院,上海200083

出　　处：《古代文明（中英文）》2021年第4期3-15,M0003,共14页The Journal of Ancient Civilizations

基　　金：中国博士后科学基金资助项目“文士文化与希伯来先知文学研究”(项目批号:2019M661586);国家社科基金重大项目“希伯来文学经典与古代地中海文化圈内文学、文化交流研究”(项目批号:15ZDB088)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：为应对愈加严峻的生存危机,古代以色列民族于公元前11世纪中后期建立了君主制国家。然而《列王纪》《历代志》等相关史料证明,作为国家权力的首脑,以色列历代国君却始终未能建立起强大的中央集权政府;其在行使权力与管理国家的过程中,不得不严重依赖源自以长老阶层为代表的民间政治力量。长老阶层是以色列民族早期游牧部落联盟的权力主体,以色列君主制正是诞生于这一权力主体的推动与扶持。因此,即使进入王国时期,国君的权力范畴仍处在长老阶层的阴影之下:后者仍深刻影响着国君的废立,甚至在特定条件下,能够越过君主而决定国家的走向。从根本上说,君主制的建立并未撼动以色列长老阶层崇高的政治地位与权威性,前者只是后者在全新历史语境下所谋求的一种政治组织形式。To face a series of severe external threats,the ancient Israelite founded the monarchic kingdom of Israel in late eleventh century B.C.According to Israelite historical records,however,this kingdom did not have a powerful centralized government.The kings had to rely on nongovernmental forces represented by the elder class to operate the governmental system.The elder class that initiated and supported the monarch had been the mainstay of the Israelite tribal league.The elders possessed the power to enthrone or abolish kings.In particular situation,it was the elders who might make the final decisions instead of the kings.Fundamentally speaking,the organization of the kingdom did not shake the domination of the elder class in Israelite society,but rather,it was merely a vehicle for the elder class to fulfill its political control.

关 键 词：古代以色列王国 长老阶层 君主制 

分 类 号：D738.2[政治法律—政治学] K382.2[政治法律—中外政治制度]