种植密度和灌溉、施氮模式对冬小麦土壤水分状况、产量和品质的影响  

Optimizing Planting Densities,Irrigation and Nitrogen Topdressing to Improve Bioavailable Soil Water and Yield and Quality of Winter Wheat

作　　者：王晓森[1,2] 吕谋超 王森[1,2] 蔡九茂 李迎 秦京涛[1,2] 范习超 王和洲[1,3] WANG Xiaosen;LYU Mouchao;WANG Sen;CAI Jiumao;LI Ying;QIN Jingtao;LIU Jieyun;FAN Xichao;WANG Hezhou(Farmland Irrigation Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Xinxiang 453002,China;Key Laboratory of Water-saving Engineering,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Xinxiang 453002,China;National Agro-ecological System Observation and Research Station of Shangqiu,Shangqiu 476000,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农田灌溉研究所,河南新乡453002 [2]农业农村部节水灌溉工程重点实验室,河南新乡453002 [3]河南商丘农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站,河南商丘476000

出　　处：《灌溉排水学报》2021年第9期48-56,共9页Journal of Irrigation and Drainage

基　　金：科技创新工程所级重点任务(CX0001-0401);NSFC-河南人才培养联合基金项目(U1504530);2020年度新乡市科技攻关计划项目(23);国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0800605)。

摘　　要：【目的】探索农业节水、减肥背景下豫北地区冬小麦高产高效种植模式。【方法】采用测坑试验设置了密度、灌溉和追氮3因素,其中密度因素设置2个水平(D1:500万株/hm^(2)基本苗;D2:300万株/hm^(2)基本苗),灌溉因素设置3个水平(W1:返青和灌浆初期灌水;W2:返青、拔节和灌浆初期灌水;W3:返青、拔节、抽穗和灌浆初期灌水;各生育期灌水定额均相同),追氮因素设置2个水平(N1:氮肥返青期一次性追施;N2:氮肥在返青期和抽穗期分2次追施)对冬小麦土壤水分状况、叶片生理指标、产量和品质进行研究。【结果】小麦春季灌返青水、拔节水和灌浆水处理(W2)可在1 m深度土层内形成由浅至深逐渐增加的土壤水分梯度,即能形成适宜冬小麦生长的土壤水分环境又提高了不同土层土壤水的利用。灌水生育期越多冬小麦灌浆期旗叶光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率越高,但叶片水分利用效率则随灌水生育期的增多而降低;D2处理Pn高于D1处理Pn;N2处理Pn高于N1处理Pn。种植密度地增加能极显著的提高单位面积小麦穗数(P<0.01),但导致穗粒数和千粒质量极显著下降;灌溉因素对穗粒数、千粒质量、产量和灌溉水利用效率(IWUE)的影响均达显著水平(P<0.05),其中千粒质量随灌水生育期的增加而增加,IWUE随灌水生育期的增加而降低,而穗粒数和产量的最大值均出现在W2处理,其次才是W3处理和W1处理;在氮肥追施总量相同的情况下,N2处理的千粒质量和产量均值比N1处理均值有显著增加。此外,小麦籽粒中的氨基酸和蛋白质随灌水生育期的增加而减少;N1处理氨基酸和蛋白质均值比N2处理的稍高。通过回归分析发现,氨基酸和蛋白质量随产量的增加而线性下降。【结论】豫北地区大穗型冬小麦节水减肥推荐种植模式为:种植密度为300万株/hm^(2)基本苗,足墒播种条件下春季灌返青水、拔节水和灌浆水,每次灌水定额【Objective】Water and fertilizer use efficiency of crops depends on many factors,and the objective of this paper is to investigate experimentally how to achieve this through optimizing planting density,irrigation and nitrogen topdressing.【Method】The experiment was conducted in lysimeters with winter wheat used as the model plant.It compared two planting densities:5×10^(6) plant/hm^(2)(D1)and 3×10^(6) plant/hm^(2)(D2).For each planting density,there were three irrigation treatments:irrigating at the turning-green stage and the grain-filling stage(W1),irrigating at the turning-green stage,jointing stage and grain-filling stage(W2),irrigating at the turning-green stage,jointing stage,heading stage and grain-filling stage(W3),and two nitrogen topdressing treatments:topdressing all nitrogen at the turning-green stage,topdressing a half at the turning-green stage and the other half at the jointing stage.In each treatment,we measured the changes in soil water contents.【Result】Irrigating scheduling W2 made soil water in 0~100 cm more suitable for the crop to grow and increased its water use efficiency.Increasing irrigation frequency enhanced photosynthetic and transpiration rates,but it reduced leaf water use efficiency and the content of amino acid and protein in the grain.Increasing planting density or nitrogen topdressing frequency can improve photosynthetic rate even when the total amount of nitrogen application was the same.Increasing planting density increased spike numbers,but reduced grain numbers per spike and kernel weight,all at significant level(p<0.001).Irrigation scheduling affected grain numbers per spike,kernel weight,crop yield,and irrigation water use efficiency(IWUE)at significant level(p<0.05);increasing irrigation frequency at different growing stages increased the kernel weight but reduced IWUE.Irrigation scheduling W 2 gave the highest grain numbers per spike and yield,followed by W 3,with W 1 being the least.When the amount of nitrogen used in the topdressing was the same,increasing t

关 键 词：密度 灌水 追氮 冬小麦 产量 品质 

分 类 号：S274[农业科学—农业水土工程]