中国古代有无演绎推理——基于百年论争的调查与反思  

The Uncertainty of Deductive Reasoning in Ancient China:Investigation and Reflection Based on Centennial Debate

作　　者：曹德和[1] Cao Dehe(School of Literature,Anhui University,Hefei,Giina)

机构地区：[1]安徽大学文学院,安徽合肥230039

出　　处：《社会科学论坛》2021年第5期43-56,共14页Tribune of Social Sciences

摘　　要：不少学者认为中国古代没有演绎推理,调查表明事实并非如此。反思误判原因,有的是因为没有注意到演绎推理主要寄身于日常语言而非科学语言,有的是因为没有注意到不同推理类型具有互容性,还有的是因为未能正确认识逻辑与语言的关系。误判的发生同以下思潮的存在有一定瓜葛,即:高估汉语汉字对演绎推理的消极影响、夸大归纳推理与演绎推理的独立性、忽略不同推理方式与不同思维对象的倾向性联系。肯定中国古代不乏演绎推理不等于认为中国古代演绎推理在发展水平上同当时欧洲国家难分伯仲,指出比类在中国古代并不是无所不及的推理方式,不等于认为它在中国古代无足轻重。但弱与强同无与有乃两码事,论及中国古代逻辑不应将其混为一谈。Many scholars deny the existence of deductive reasoning in ancient China.But according to investigations,it can be found that the aforementioned views are not in line with facts.As for the causes of misjudgments,firstly,deductive reasoning chiefly depends on everyday language rather than scientific language,but it is often overlooked;secondly,different types of reasoning are mutually compatible,which is also neglected;thirdly,the scholars usually fail to understand the relationship between logical ontology and logical carriers accurately.In addition,misjudgment is also directly related to the following trends of thought:overestimating the negative effect of Chinese characters on deductive reasoning;exaggerating the independence of inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning;ignoring the tendentious relationship between different reasoning modes and different thinking objects.However,to affirm the existence of deductive reasoning in ancient China does not mean that the development of deductive reasoning in ancient China is comparable to that of ancient Western European countries,and to point out that analogy is not an omnipresent form of reasoning in ancient China does not mean the negation of its significance in ancient China either.The discussion of the strong and weak points of deductive reasoning and analogical reasoning is totally different from the discussion of their existence in ancient China.Therefore,it should not be mixed up in the study of logic in ancient China.

关 键 词：中国古代 演绎推理 论争 事实调查 理论反思 

分 类 号：B81[哲学宗教—逻辑学]