中巴喀喇昆仑公路冰湖溃决灾害  

Glacier Lake Outburst Flood(GLOF)along China-Pakistan International Karakoram Highway(KKH)

作　　者：朱颖彦 李朝月[1,2] 杨志全 廖丽萍 Muhammad Waseem[5] 罗志刚[6] ZHU Yingyan;LI Chaoyue;YANG Zhiquan;LIAO Liping;WASEEM Muhammad;LUO Zhigang(Kunming University of Science and Technology,Faculty of Public Safety and Emergency Management,Kunming 650093,China;Kunming University of Science and Technology,Key Laboratory of Early Rapid Identification,Prevention and Control of Geological Diseases in Traffic Corridor of High Intensity Earthquake Mountainous Area of Yunnan Province,Kunming 650093,China;Chengdu Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Chengdu 610041,China;College of Civil Engineering and Architecture,Guangxi University,Nanning 530004,China;Department Of Civil Engineering Peshawar Campus,University of Engineering and Technology,Peshawar 25000,Pakistan;China Road&Bridge Corporation,Beijing 100011,China)

机构地区：[1]昆明理工大学公共安全与应急管理学院,昆明650093 [2]昆明理工大学云南省高校高烈度地震山区交通走廊工程地质病害早期快速判识与防控重点实验,昆明650093 [3]中国科学院、水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所,成都610041 [4]广西大学土木建筑工程学院,南宁530004 [5]白沙瓦工程与技术大学,白沙瓦巴基斯坦25000 [6]中国路桥工程有限责任公司,北京100011

出　　处：《山地学报》2021年第4期524-538,共15页Mountain Research

基　　金：交通部西部交通建设科技项目(200831822156);国家自然科学基金面上项目(41071058);云南省万人计划“青年拔尖人才”专项(YNWR-QNBJ-2018-321)。

摘　　要：中巴公路穿越的西喀喇昆仑—喜马拉雅地区生存着除极地之外最大的陆地冰川群,是世界上著名的跃动型冰川活动区,发育典型的"冰湖溃决型"冰川。历史上,冰川跃进,堵塞河道(冰川支谷),形成短暂堰塞冰湖,溃坝泄流,形成洪水或泥石流,对中巴公路沿线造成惨重伤亡与财产损失。文献记录表明,1780年以来,大型冰湖溃决事件多起源于印度河上游的新沙勒河谷(Shingshal valley)和希约克河谷上游(Upper Shyok River valley)。近年来,中巴公路沿线水系或冰川河谷,并没有发生流域性规模的冰湖溃决灾害,中小型冰湖溃决事件不是因冰川跃进,更多的是因为升温作用造成的冰舌萎缩涌水、冰湖渗透溃堤,或因冰上湖或冰前湖在冰崩、岩崩等激发因素的直接触发下,形成涌浪翻坝,导致冰湖溃决。本文基于近300年的历史文献,开展了10多年的持续野外调查工作,采用遥感解译、定点观测与案例分析等研究手段,对中巴公路沿线冰湖溃决灾害的河流背景、灾害历史、冰湖的分类、形成与溃决机制等进行时间梳理和汇总分析。本文将为中巴公路地质灾害的研究提供本底认识,可为区域自然灾害研究提供基础性数据支撑。China-Pakistan International Karakoram Highway(KKH)situates at the valley floors of Western Karakoram-Himalaya Mountain(Trans-Himalaya),where exists the biggest glacier group in the world except polar regions.It has been widely known for extensive active glaciers,dominated by typical glaciers of"glacial lake outburst".Historically,glaciers surged forward and blocked river channels(or glacial branch valleys);formed temporary glacier dammed lakes;then followed by dam failure and ice-water releasing;resulted in floods or debris flows;caused heavy casualties and property losses along KKH.Literature records show that since 1780,large glacial lake outbursts mostly originated from Shingshal Valley and upper Shyok Valley in the upper reach of Indus basin.In recent years,there has been no basin-scale glacial lake outburst disaster in all water systems or glacial valley along KKH.Due to global warming,outbursts of small and medium-sized glacial lakes were not caused by glacier leaps,but more caused by ice tongue shrinkage with water gushing,or dam failure because of leakage of glacial lakes.Another mechanism of GLOF along KKH is that supra-glacial lakes or preglacial lakes were directly triggered by ice avalanche or rock avalanche and other triggering factors,forming surge waves which destroyed dam and occurred glacial lake outburst in the end.Based on historical documents of nearly 300 years,this paper had carried out continuous field investigations for more than 10 years.By means of remote sensing interpretation,on site observation and case analysis,the river background,geohazard history,classification,formation and outburst mechanism associated with glacial lakes along KKH were documented and analyzed.This paper would provide a background understanding and data support for the study of geological disasters along KKH and local geohazard control.

关 键 词：中巴喀喇昆仑公路 中巴经济走廊 冰湖溃决 河流 冰川 机制 

分 类 号：P954[天文地球—自然地理学] P694