勃列日涅夫时期苏联犹太移民问题  

The issue of USSR’s Jewish emigration in the reign of Leonid Brezhnev

作　　者：维克多·德宁豪斯 安德烈·萨文 吴颖(译) 俞紫梅(译)[4] Victor Denninghaus;Andrey Savin(University of Hamburg;Institute of history of SB RAS)

机构地区：[1]德国汉堡大学东北欧德意志历史文化研究院 [2]俄罗斯科学院西伯利亚分院历史研究所 [3]中央广播电视总台欧洲拉美地区语言节目中心 [4]北京师范大学图书馆

出　　处：《欧亚人文研究（中俄文）》2021年第3期25-31,85,90,共9页Eurasian Humanities Studies

摘　　要：20世纪70年代在缓和政策的刺激下苏联有大量的犹太裔公民移民到以色列。1972年8月3日苏联最高苏维埃主席团作出了《关于苏联公民移居海外需向国家缴纳教育费用》的决议,规定犹太人在移民前须向苏联缴纳"高等教育费"。苏联在限制移民出境和缴纳费用问题上饱受美国诟病。最终美国国会通过了《杰克逊—瓦尼克修正案》,禁止给苏联、东欧等限制移民出境的国家以贸易方面的优惠。受此影响,由尼克松、基辛格政府倡导的缓和政策受阻,这也导致苏联在70年代后半期与西方的接触受到了限制。Large-scale Jewish immigration from the USSR began in 1971. On August 3, 1972, the presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a resolution on "compensating state expenses for education by citizens of the USSR who are going abroad for permanent residence". The essence of the resolution just as its name implies: citizens who immigrated from the USSR, and at that time it was almost exclusively about Jews, had to pay the state large sums of money for education before leaving. The US criticized this policy. In this regard, the Jackson-Vanik Amendment was passed by the Congress in 1974. The Jackson-Vanik Amendment proposed a number of restrictions on commodity and monetary relations between America and countries that violated human rights, including the right to free emigration. Under this influence, the implementation of the policy aiming at easing the relationship between the US and the USSR advocated by Nixon and Kissinger government was hindered, which eventually led to the limitation of the scope of contacts between the USSR and the West world in the second half of the 1970 s.

关 键 词：苏联犹太移民 苏联移民 勃列日涅夫 美苏关系 

分 类 号：K512[历史地理—历史学]