牛瘟、防疫与动物运输改革:蒸汽动力时代下的动物移动经验变迁  

Cattle Plague,Disease Control and Animal Transport Reform:The Changing Experience of Animals in Transit in the Age of Steam

作　　者：李鉴慧 Li Chien-hui

机构地区：[1]成功大学历史学系

出　　处：《世界历史评论》2021年第3期132-176,293,294,共47页The World History Review

基　　金：“科技部”研究计划(MOST 108-2410-H-006-018-MY2)部分成果。

摘　　要：19世纪,英国活畜贸易已建立全国性统合市场,大批牛羊等牲畜作为“畜产品”,必须借由长程移动,由生产端送往市场端。早期,牛羊徒步前往市场;19世纪中期,轮船与火车运输取而代之。这场移动变迁大幅转变了动物经验,也引发强大舆论争议与立法响应。本文聚焦19世纪蒸汽动力时代的动物运输,依序探讨当中之动物处境、改革争议,以及立法成果。文章于铺陈蒸汽动力运输之降临后,第一部分首先探讨动物于其中各环节的身心经验,包括登乘、安置、饮食、照护、下车船等,指向动物所受实质痛苦。第二部分聚焦改革,分析其推进乃端赖1865年牛瘟疫情所提供之改革契机,以及英国动物保护传统中的人道价值与论述。第三部分审视英国于半世纪间的立法成果,以及所展现的渐进改良主义。文章的结论是,直至第一次世界大战前,英国于动物运输福祉上的立法成果虽则可观,其过度采取以人类利益为导向的温和改革立场,却也注定了改革路之漫漫。By the eighteenth century,British livestock industry has established a highly integrated national market.As“agricultural commodities,”tens of thousands of cattle and sheep had to travel long distance to reach the markets.In the early days,livestock travelled on foot.By the mid-nineteenth century,steamships and locomotives started to replace long-distance droving.This change in the mode of animal movement has greatly transformed the travelling experience of livestock as well as generated immense public outcry and legislative response.The article examines animal transport in the age of steam.Part One investigates the transit experience of animals via steamships and trains,highlighting the suffering caused to them with regards to embarkment/disembarkment,stowage,ventilation,fittings of the vessel,and the provision of food,water and care.Part Two analyses the factors that have helped to fuel the reform for the improvement of the conditions of animals in transit:the 1865 cattle plague and the humane movement for animals.Part Three discusses the legislation concerning animal transit achieved prior to the First World War and points to the spirit of progressive pragmatism underlying it.In conclusion,while affirming the legislative advances made prior to the Great War,the article argues that the moderate“animal welfare”position adopted from the start,that aimed to prevent the“unnecessary sufferings”of animals also meant that the reform of animal transit is destined to be a protracted process.

关 键 词：活畜运输 蒸汽火车 蒸汽轮船 动物福利 牛瘟 防疫 人道改革 

分 类 号：S85[农业科学—兽医学]