足球运动员变向能力的测试方法、影响因素和训练策略  

Change of Direction Ability in Soccer:Test Methods,Influencing Factors and Training Strategies

作　　者：杨威 李博[1] 高崇 陈志力 黄丽 黎涌明[1] YANG Wei;LI Bo;GAO Chong;CHEN Zhili;HUANG Li;LI Yongming(School of Physical Education&Sport Training,Shanghai University of Sport,Shanghai 200438,China)

机构地区：[1]上海体育学院体育教育训练学院,上海200438

出　　处：《首都体育学院学报》2021年第5期507-521,共15页Journal of Capital University of Physical Education and Sports

基　　金：上海市科委科研计划项目(18080503400);上海高层次海外人才项目(TP2017063);国家体育总局体育科学研究所基本科研业务费资助项目(基本17-30)。

摘　　要：变向能力是灵敏的重要组成部分,现有针对灵敏的研究集中于变向能力。变向能力是指人体按已知路线快速改变方向的能力,是决定足球比赛胜负的重要因素。从测试方法、影响因素和提升策略3个方面对足球运动员变向能力相关研究进行了全面梳理。结果显示:足球运动员变向能力的测试方法种类繁多、信度不一、效度有限,伊利诺斯、T、505和Zigzag系列4种测试方法是现有文献中应用最多的测试方法;下肢肌肉力量、直线冲刺能力、平衡能力、有氧能力、下肢肢间不对称、年龄、技术、比赛位置和测试场地等是影响足球运动员变向能力的重要因素;赛前热身阶段动态拉伸和特定负重半蹲起或间歇半蹲等是提升足球运动员变向能力的急性干预策略,超等长、抗阻、直线冲刺、平衡、变向专项、综合类等多种形式训练是提升足球运动员变向能力的慢性干预策略。足球运动员变向能力的研究需要更多地增加感知和决策因素,探究足球运动员的灵敏。Change of direction(COD)ability is an important component of agility.Current studies on agility are focused on COD ability.COD ability refers to the ability to change direction quickly with the knowledge of the route,and is demonstrated to be one crucial determinants of soccer performance.This review summarized the studies on COD ability in soccer from three aspects:test methods,influencing factors and training strategies.The results show that there are a variety of test methods for assessing the COD ability,with Illinois,T,505,and Zigzag as the most commonly used in current literature,while the methods are of fluctuating reliability and limited validity.It is indicated that low-limb muscle strength,straight-line sprint ability,balance ability,aerobic ability,asymmetry of low-limb,age,technique,play position and test field are influencing factors to COD ability.Regarding the training strategies for developing the COD ability,dynamic stretching,specific load half-squat(dynamic)or intermittent half-squat(static)during warm-up period are among the acute ones,and plyometric,resistance,straight sprint,balance,COD,combined training are among the chronic ones.Researches on COD ability in soccer are warranted with the involvement of perception and decision-making factors in order to explore the agility of soccer players.

关 键 词：变向能力 灵敏性 足球运动员 

分 类 号：G808.16[文化科学—体育训练]