也论违约金司法酌减规则的适用——基于司法裁判的考察  

On the Application of the Discretionary Reduction of Liquidated Damages:On the Basis of the Research of Judicial Adjudication

作　　者：王向丽 WANG Xiangli(Law School, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China)

机构地区：[1]郑州大学法学院,河南郑州450001

出　　处：《河南工程学院学报（社会科学版）》2021年第3期52-58,共7页Journal of Henan University of Engineering(Social Science Edition)

摘　　要：违约金司法酌减致力于寻找合同自由与合同正义之间的平衡。目前司法实践中对于该规则的适用存在着诸多问题。为了统一司法裁判、维护司法权威,民法典时代在适用违约金酌减规则时,应当尽量实现酌减尺度的统一,且在当事人没有提出酌减请求时,不宜主动干预或释明酌减规则,以尊重私法自治。具体个案中的违约金仅具有单一属性。惩罚性违约金与赔偿性违约金的性质和功能并不相同,所以在酌减规则及举证责任分配上也应有所区别。此外,在某些情况下违约金酌减应当受到限制或排除,以纠正实务中存在的大概率酌减倾向。The judicial discretion of liquidated damages tries to find the balance between contract freedom and contract justice,but there are many problems in the application of this rule in the current judicial practice.In order to unify the judicial adjudication and maintain the judicial authority,in the era of the Civil Code,when applying the discretionary reduction of liquidated damages,we should try to achieve the unification of the standard of reduction.In addition,it is not advisable to actively intervene or interpret the discretionary reduction in order to respect the autonomy of private law when the parties do not ask for it.The liquidated damages only have a single attribute in specific individual cases.The punitive liquidated damages and compensatory liquidated damages are different in terms of the characteristics and functions,so there should be differences in the discretionary reduction and the distribution of burden of proof.In addition,in some cases,discretionary reduction of liquidated damages should be limited or excluded to correct the tendency of high probability reduction in practice.

关 键 词：《民法典》 赔偿性违约金 惩罚性违约金 酌减规则 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学]