从边缘到中心:叙利亚阿拉维派的历史嬗变与现实挑战  

From the Brink to the Center: The Evolution of Syrian Alawites and the Realistic Challenge

作　　者：杨玉龙 Yang Yulong

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学马克思主义学院 [2]浙江外国语学院环地中海研究院

出　　处：《中东研究》2021年第1期50-69,261,共21页Middle East Studies

基　　金：国家社科基金“叙利亚古代史研究”(2018VJX086);教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“古叙利亚文明史研究”(19JZD043)。

摘　　要：叙利亚阿拉维派具有信仰融合性、部落性、"塔基亚原则"、集中聚居特征。19世纪福音派传教运动的西式教育使阿拉维派产生了融入主流伊斯兰世界的意识,开启了阿拉维派与叙利亚社会的融合进程。法国委任统治制度给予了阿拉维派内部自治权利,实现了阿拉维派的社会平等化;叙利亚共和国建立后议会民主制的脆弱性和军人干政导致叙利亚政治发展陷于摇摆和混乱,为阿拉维派军官群体的政治发展创造了上升渠道和历史机遇,阿拉维派军官群体通过国防军和复兴党上升至国家权力中心。阿萨德体制建立后社会内生性的复杂矛盾外化为穆斯林兄弟会社会运动,形成对阿萨德威权体制的严峻挑战。2011年叙利亚危机对阿拉维派造成了全方位冲击,群体安全受到威胁、内部政治分裂、教派关系出现裂痕。近年来叙利亚战场形势已发生根本扭转,危机对阿拉维派的挑战大为缓解,阿拉维派在未来国家重建时期将面临阿拉维派难民、去教派化和族际关系重建、重构内部团结等难题。Syrian Alawites has a variety of characteristics of belief integration,tribalism,Taqiya and centralized settlement distribution.The Western-style education of the Evangelical Missionary movement in the 19 th century awakened the awareness of the Alawites’integration into the mainstream Islamic world and opened the process of integration of Alawites with Syrian society.The French mandate system granted the Alawites internal autonomy right and realized the social equality of the Alawites,the fragility of the parliamentary democracy after the establishment of the Republic and the Military intervention in politics led to the chaos of Syria’s political development,which created a rising channel and power vacuum for the political development of the Alawites,The Alawites officers’class rose to the state Power centre through the National Defence Force and the Ba’th Party.After the establishment of the Assad system,the complex contradictions in society are transformed into the social movement of the Muslim Brotherhood,which forms a severe challenge to the Assad system.The 2011 Syrian crisis has had an all-out impact on the Alawites,causing a threat to group security,internal political divisions,and a rift in sectarian relations.In the past two years,the situation on the battlefield in Syria has been fundamentally reversed,the crisis has greatly eased the challenge to the Alawites group,and Alawites in the future period of national reconstruction will face the urgent need to solve the issues of Alawites refugees,sectarian relations,reconstruction of internal unity.

关 键 词：阿拉维派 叙利亚 复兴党 穆斯林兄弟会 叙利亚危机 

分 类 号：D737.6[政治法律—政治学]