话语、现实与乡村社会--以二十世纪前半期江汉平原的租佃与雇佣关系为例  

Discourse,Reality and Rural Society: the Case of Tenancy and Employment Relationships in the Early Twentieth-Century Jianghan Plain

作　　者：张家炎 Jiayan Zhang

机构地区：[1]肯尼索州立大学历史与哲学系

出　　处：《中国乡村研究》2021年第1期205-243,共39页Rural China:An International Journal of History and Social Science

摘　　要：阶级斗争学说把二十世纪前半期的中国农村描绘成剥削与被剥削两大阶级间的尖锐对立,现在不少研究则倾向于从市场关系与道义经济角度出发,侧重当时农村和谐的一面。以清末、民国及1950年代对江汉平原租佃与雇佣关系的不同调查与话语为基础,本文指出不同话语强调农村的不同方面,清末调查与部分民国调查可能比较接近事实,1950年代初期的调查与编修的地方志出于政治宣传与政策的需要,导致意识形态色彩浓厚、夸大主佃冲突,二十世纪末所编修的地方志则开始淡化政治宣传而更接近晚清民国时期的情况,而现在那些否定剥削与恶毒地主的观点可能就矫枉过正了。江汉经验显示,当地既有阶级间的剥削、也存在道义经济与市场竞争。由于江汉平原频繁的洪涝灾害,要理解这里的租佃与雇佣关系,我们还得考虑到环境因素的特殊影响。According to class struggle theory,rural China before 1949 featured two contrasting classes,the exploiting class and the exploited class.Some current research tends to—from the perspectives of market relations and moral economics—focus on the harmonious aspect of the rural society of that time.Based on different surveys and their associated discourses on tenancy and employment relationships in the Jianghan Plain in the late Qing,the Republic of China,and the 1950 s,this article argues that different discourses emphasized different aspects of rural society.The surveys of the late Qing and some surveys of the Republic are closer to reality,while the CCP surveys of the 1950 s and the gazetteers compiled in the 1950 s,influenced by political propaganda and policy,are heavily loaded with ideological biases and exaggerate the landlord-tenant conflict.This kind of influence has gradually weakened since the 1980 s,and the gazetteers compiled afterward are closer to reality.Those new studies that deny exploitation and evil landlords are overcorrecting.The Jianghan experience of tenancy and employment relationships demonstrates that in the early twentieth century,exploitation among classes,market competition,and moral economics all existed at the same time.Because the Jianghan Plain was prone to frequent water calamities,we also need to add the specific influence of the environmental factor to our understanding of tenancy and employment relationships in this region.

关 键 词：话语 乡村社会 租佃 雇佣关系 江汉平原 

分 类 号：C912.82[经济管理] K25[社会学]