市场经济的法律尺度:结构分析与评判  

Legal Measure of Market Economy:Structural Analysis and Judgment

作　　者：车路遥 CHE Luyao

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学国际法学院

出　　处：《法学评论》2021年第5期70-86,共17页Law Review

基　　金：中国政法大学青年研究团队项目《国际法话语的形成及中国方案研究》(项目编号:19CXTD09);中国政法大学青年创新项目《“人类命运共同体理念”的国际投资法律制度实现》(项目编号:8ZFQ82003)阶段性成果;司法部国家法治与法学理论研究项目中青年课题《我国国有企业参与“一带一路”海外投资所面对的规制性障碍及对策研究》(项目编号:18SFB3044)。

摘　　要：美国、欧盟等国家和地区频繁地使用"非市场经济"、"非市场导向"、市场"严重扭曲"等语词来界定一个经济体或经济体内部的产业、企业交易环境的性质,并将此种定性作为歧视性法律安排的启动理由。这种定性的实施有赖于在法律语境中引入用以衡量"市场经济"因素在一个经济体或者其产业、企业交易环境中的地位及重要程度的尺度,即市场经济法律尺度。市场经济的法律尺度分为四个类别,即空间尺度、时间尺度、客体尺度、主体尺度,每种尺度都呈现多重结构,且其使用过度依赖"尺度推绎"做法。多重尺度结构设置与尺度推绎会导致法律形式上的困境:普遍性的缺失、确定性的减损以及权利义务的失衡。这些形式缺陷之所以易被忽视,是因为它们被如下实质预设所自动填补:国家-市场先天相斥论、所有制决定论和统一实体论。但这些预设本身缺乏自洽性或佐证,同时不具有广泛多边共识,故不足以修补现存尺度的固有缺陷,亦不足以消解其不合理性。因而,不应绕开对尺度合理性问题的探讨而直接对以"市场经济"为名义的做法不加扬弃地接受,同时宜在国内和国际层面的市场经济法律尺度设置和适用中引入层级匹配和约束推绎原则。Certain developed economies,including the U.S.and the EU,have frequently labeled other economies,industries therein,as well as the commercial conditions for enterprises to transact within those industries as“non-market,”“non-market-oriented,”or“market-distortive”,in order to apply special or even discriminative measures accordingly.Such the practice is conditioned on introducing and applying a set of scales into the legal context.The scales can be categorised into four types:the spacial,the diachronic,the objective,and the subjective ones.Each scale exhibits a multi-fold structure and relies overwhelmingly on a“scaling approach.”Both the multi-fold structure and the scaling approach can deteriorate the formal aspect of law by reducing the generality,degrading the certainty,and disequilibrating the relationship between rights and obligations.Furthermore,these formal defects are covered by the existence of some substantive presumptions,including the presumption of a priori confrontational relationship between the state and the market,the presumption of the determinism of ownership,and the presumption of the single entity.However,those presumptions are neither based on not fully verified theories nor accepted by the current international community.Therefore,they can hardly offset the formal defects of the legal quality.This paper then argues that not all rules designed in the name of“market economy”are naturally desirable.The concerns of the market economy can be solved by introducing a scale-matching principle and imposing restrictions on scaling.

关 键 词：法律尺度 尺度推绎 非市场经济 市场扭曲 市场导向环境 

分 类 号：F123.9[经济管理—世界经济] D922.294[政治法律—经济法学]