辽宁义县奉国寺主殿壁画彩绘胶料的气相色谱质谱联用分析研究  

GC-MS analysis of the binder used for wall paintings at Fengguo Temple in Yixian County,Liaoning Province

作　　者：黄建华 杨璐[3,4] 刘成[3,4] 陈欣楠[3,4] 张志新[5] HUANG Jianhua;YANG Lu;LIU Cheng;CHEN Xinnan;ZHANG Zhixin(Emperor Qinshihuang’s Mausoleum Site Museum, Xi’an 710600, China;Key Scientific Research Base of Ancient Polychrome Pottery Conservation (Emperor Qinshihuang’s Mausoleum Site Museum), State Administration for Culture Heritage, Xi’an 710600, China;School of Culture Heritage, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China;Key Laboratory for the Preservation and Conservation of Cultural Heritage (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710069, China;Shaanxi Institute of International Trade and Commerce, Xi’an 712046, China)

机构地区：[1]秦始皇帝陵博物院,陕西西安710600 [2]陶质彩绘文物保护国家文物局重点科研基地(秦始皇帝陵博物院),陕西西安710600 [3]西北大学文化遗产学院,陕西西安710069 [4]文化遗产研究与保护技术教育部重点实验室(西北大学),陕西西安710069 [5]陕西国际商贸学院,陕西西安712046

出　　处：《文物保护与考古科学》2021年第5期85-92,共8页Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目资助(2019YFC1520700)。

摘　　要：奉国寺又名七佛寺、大佛寺,作为“辽代木构建筑”的重要组成部分,是我国第一批全国重点文物保护单位。奉国寺主殿山墙内壁绘有大幅通顶元代壁画,画面内容为须弥山座佛像。该壁画规模宏大、艺术水准高,是研究元代绘画艺术的珍贵实物资料,具有极高的艺术价值和历史价值。胶料是壁画彩绘层的重要组成部分,对壁画的安全保存起着至关重要的作用,同时胶料种类的鉴别也是壁画保护修复的基础。对奉国寺壁画彩绘的已有研究主要集中于颜料分析,对其胶料种类的研究至今尚未见报道。本研究以奉国寺元代彩绘壁画作为研究对象,采用气相色谱质谱联用技术(GC-MS)法,利用该方法的高分离效率、高灵敏度、低检出限的特性分析了编号为FGS-1、FGS-2和FGS-3的壁画彩绘层样品胶料的氨基酸组成,并结合因子分析法对分析获得的多维数据矩阵进行降维处理,进而实现了奉国寺壁画颜料层胶料种类的鉴别。研究发现,古代常用的三种蛋白类胶料的氨基酸组成特征分别为:动物胶具有特殊的氨基酸——羟脯氨酸,同时含有较多的甘氨酸;牛奶的谷氨酸含量较高,且丙氨酸含量较低;鸡蛋中天冬氨酸含量较高,且脯氨酸含量较低。将文物样品的分析结果与上述特征比较,发现3件文物样品的氨基酸组成接近动物胶特征,即均含有羟脯氨酸(Hyp),且甘氨酸(Gly)含量较高。通过因子分析发现,文物样品的因子得分散点虽落在了动物胶区域,但处于边缘,甚至有脱离动物胶类别的趋势。借助因子载荷矩阵发现,造成这一现象的原因是文物样品中Hyp含量远小于动物胶参考样品。Hyp易因老化而减少,其老化方式之一是脱羟基变为脯氨酸(Pro);Hyp还会在特定酶和氧气的作用下转化为羟谷氨酸,进而脱羟基变为谷氨酸(Glu)。FGS-2中Pro的高含量可能是其Hyp脱羟基老化的结果。而FGS-1和FGS-3中Glu的�Fengguo Temple,also known as Seven Buddha Temple or Big Buddha Temple,is an important part of wooden architecture of the Liao Dynasty and is among the first batch of major historical and cultural sites protected at the national level in China.The inner wall of the main hall of Fengguo Temple is painted with large Yuan Dynasty murals extending to the ceiling and shows a Buddha statue of Sumeru Mountain and features a large scale and a high artistic level.They are precious materials for the study of Yuan Dynasty painting arts because of their high artistic and historical value.As an important part of the mural painting layer,the binder plays a vital role in the preservation of murals.Furthermore,the identification of binder sources is also a basis of mural conservation and restoration.Current research on the color painting of murals in Fengguo Temple mainly focuses on the analysis of pigments,but research on binder sources has not been reported so far.Our study focused on the binder of Yuan Dynasty painted murals at Fengguo temple.The amino acid compositions of mural painted layer samples labeled as FGS-1,FGS-2 and FGS-3 were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).In combination with the factor analysis method,the dimension of the multidimensional data matrix obtained from the analysis was reduced,and then the identification of binder sources of Fengguo temple murals was realized.According to the literature,the amino acid composition characteristics of three protein binders commonly used in ancient times are as follows:Animal glue has a special amino acid—hydroxyproline(Hyp)and contains more glycine(Gly);The content of glutamic acid(Glu)in milk is higher and that of alanine was lower;The content of aspartic acid(Asp)in eggs is higher and that of proline(Pro)is lower.Comparing the analytical results of samples with the above characteristics,we found that the amino acid composition of the samples was close to the characteristics of animal glue—Hyp was found and the content of Gly was high.Acco

关 键 词：奉国寺 壁画 彩绘胶料 气相色谱质谱联用分析 

分 类 号：K879.41[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] K854.2[历史地理—历史学]