中央银行及其财产管辖豁免:国际法与国家实践  

Jurisdictional Immunities of Central Banks and Their Property: International Law and State Practices

作　　者：王蕾凡 Wang Leifan

机构地区：[1]天津大学法学院

出　　处：《环球法律评论》2021年第5期164-176,共13页Global Law Review

摘　　要：中央银行及其财产管辖豁免是国家豁免法中一个颇具争议的问题。它涉及国家合理行使管辖权、保护相关私人利益、吸引外国投资、打击恐怖主义以及维护国家间友好关系等多重利益诉求。《联合国国家及其财产管辖豁免公约》将中央银行财产视为享有强制措施豁免的特定种类财产,但对中央银行与母国责任的关系以及享有强制措施豁免的中央银行财产范围未予明确。瑞典、英国和美国的国家实践显示,鉴于中央银行的特殊主权职能,其倾向于严格区分中央银行与母国责任且对享有强制措施豁免的中央银行财产范围予以从宽解释;而在"恐怖主义"例外下,中央银行财产的强制措施豁免则被限制或被完全剥夺。我国在制定《国家豁免法》相关条款时,在遵循《公约》的基础上,对中央银行及其财产管辖豁免的现状、趋势以及人民币国际化需求等因素应予综合考量。Jurisdictional immunities of central banks and their property is a controversial issue in the law of state immunity.It involves a balancing of multiple interests,including reasonable exercise of jurisdiction,protection of private interests,attraction of foreign investment,fight against terrorism and stabilization of foreign relations.The United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property(the Convention)treats a central bank’s property as one of"specific categories of property"that enjoys immunities from measures of constraint,but it does not clarify the responsibilities of a central bank and that of its home State and the scope of the central bank property that enjoys the immunities.Recent state practices of Sweden,UK and US indicate that they prefer to distinguish the responsibilities of a central bank from those of its home State,and interpret broadly the scope of the central bank’s property for immunities.However,under the"terrorism exception"of the US Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act(1976),the immunities of central banks’property are restricted or even completely deprived.In formulating relevant provisions on central banks and their properties in its State Immunity Law,China should carefully balance existing state practices,overall trend,requirements for RMB internationalization,etc,on the basis of compliance with the Convention.

关 键 词：中央银行 管辖豁免 揭开公司面纱 财产范围 强制措施豁免 

分 类 号：D996.2[政治法律—经济法学]