土著主义在秘鲁的兴起与演变  

The Rise and Evolution of Indigenism in Peru

作　　者：王迪 Wang Di

机构地区：[1]上海大学文学院、拉丁美洲研究中心

出　　处：《拉丁美洲研究》2021年第3期104-125,157,共23页Journal of Latin American Studies

摘　　要：硝石战争结束后,秘鲁社会冲突加剧、激进政治运动发酵以及新实证主义开始传播,促使开明的知识分子率先提出恢复土著人传统文化、维护土著人权益的土著主义。为了缓和社会矛盾、重塑国家权威,秘鲁执政者将解决内陆山区土著居民的贫困与落后问题纳入战后重建的政治考量。随着时代的变迁,土著主义不断被赋予新的内涵。知识分子对土著人生存困境的剖析经历了由浅入深的过程,探索的解决方案也从最初的社会文化范畴延伸至政治经济领域,为统治阶层调整对土著人政策提供了推力。尽管秘鲁政府打着土著主义的旗帜先后推出了教育改革、重新分配土地和将克丘亚语确立为官方语言的政策措施,但并没有从根本上满足土著人的诉求,而是基于政治需要将其诉求刻意地放大或忽视。梳理土著主义在秘鲁的历史流变,不仅有助于认识被主流历史叙事忽略的边缘化族群,也有利于从国家的视角出发,重新审视为民族建构话语所掩盖的种族主义问题。After the Nitrate War,the intensification of social conflicts,the fermentation of radical political movements and the spread of neopositivism in Peru made enlightened intellectuals take the lead in proposing indigenism, which aimed to restore Indian traditional culture and safeguard Indian rights. To alleviate social tension and reshape national authority,Peruvian policymakers tried to address the poverty of the Indians in the inland mountains in their political considerations about post-war reconstruction. Since then, indigenism was increasingly endowed with new connotations. The intellectual solutions of Indian problem had underwent a deepening process over time,extending from social and cultural fields to the political and economic fields,which provided impetus for the ruling class to adjust Indian policies. Although the successive Peruvian governments,under the banner of indigenism, had adopted policies like education reform, land distribution, and making Quechua an official language, they failed to meet the fundamental demands of the Indians. Rather,governments at different times,based on political necessity, either chose to amplified them or ignored them out of their own purpose. A review of the historical evolution of indigenism in Peru will not only help us understand the marginalized ethnic community which has been neglected by the mainstream historical narrative,but also help us reexamine the racism that has hitherto been obscured by the national constructional discourse.

关 键 词：土著主义 硝石战争 边缘化 民族建构 种族主义 

分 类 号：D773[政治法律—政治学]