自然保护区加剧了周边社区农户生计风险吗?--以四川省、陕西省17个大熊猫自然保护区为例  

Do Nature Reserves Increase the Livelihood Risks of Rural Household in Surrounding Communities?--Taking 17 Giant Panda Nature Reserves in Sichuan and Shaanxi Province as Examples

作　　者：段伟[1] 李冰洁 苏楠 马丽 DUAN Wei;LI Bingjie;SU Nan;MA Li(College of Economics and Management,South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou 510642;College of Economics and Management,Beijing Forestry University,Beijing 100083)

机构地区：[1]华南农业大学经济管理学院,广州510642 [2]北京林业大学经济管理学院,北京100083

出　　处：《林业经济》2021年第7期58-70,共13页Forestry Economics

基　　金：国家自然科学基金国际合作项目“栖息地管制对生态和生计的影响:以大熊猫自然保护区为例”(编号:71761147003),国家自然科学基金项目“基于社会生态系统理论的坦桑尼亚自然保护地与社区冲突研究”(编号:71861147001);教育部人文社会科学基金青年项目“保护区对农户贫困的影响及阻断机制研究”(编号:17YJC790029)。

摘　　要：准确评估大熊猫自然保护区的建立对周边社区农户生计水平风险的影响并提出相应政策建议,对于提高我国自然保护区的保护效果以及保障周边社区农户生计安全具有非常重要的现实意义。文章以陕西和四川2个省17个大熊猫自然保护区941户周边社区农户为研究对象,通过建立似不相关回归模型以及倾向得分匹配模型综合评估自然保护区建立对农户生计风险的影响。结果表明:(1)自然保护区的设置使周边社区农户自然风险和政策风险分别增加了4.2%和3.1%,对人口风险和经济风险影响不显著。具体而言,自然保护区的设置使周边社区农户野生动物致害风险增加7.3%,土地被占风险增加了4.4%,资源利用受限风险增加了7.1%,移民搬迁风险增加了2.3%,失业及未找到工作风险增加了6.3%,内生性检验和稳健性检验结果表明基准模型结论可靠。(2)自然保护区的设置显著增加了周边社区贫困农户的自然风险和政策风险,分别为6.3%和3.7%,而对富裕的农户生计风险的影响不显著。(3)相较于省级自然保护区,国家级自然保护区对周边社区农户政策风险的影响更大,分别为17.6%和8.3%。提出建议:一是建立健全自然保护区补偿政策,对自然保护区内的社区实行以国家为补偿主体的"生态补偿"制度;二是鼓励自然保护区周边社区农户开展特色种植、养殖业,参与生态旅游等非农产业,帮助农户实现生计转型,减轻其对自然资源依赖利用的压力。文章采用多种方法综合评估自然保护区影响,同时分析了影响的异质性,具有一定创新性。Accurately assessing the impact of the establishment of giant panda nature reserves on local rural households’livelihood risks and putting forward the corresponding policy recommendations is helpful to improve the protection effect of nature reserves and ensure the household livelihood safety in surrounding communities.Choosing 941 rural households in 17 giant panda nature reserves in Shaanxi and Sichuan provinces as research objects,through the establishment of Seemingly Uncorrelated Regression and Propensity Score Matching model,this paper comprehensively evaluated the impact of the establishment of nature reserves on farmers’livelihood risk.The results showed that:(1)The natural risk and policy risk of farmers increased by 4.2%and 3.1%respectively with the establishment of nature reserves,but the impact on population risk and economic risk was not significant.Specifically,the establishment of the nature reserves increased the risk of wildlife damage by 7.3%,the risk of land occupation by 4.4%,the risk of limited resource utilization by 7.1%,the risk of migration by 2.3%,and the risk of unemployment and not finding a job by 6.3%.The results of endogenous test and stability test showed that the conclusion of the benchmark model was reliable.(2)The establishment of nature reserves significantly increased the natural risk and policy risk of poor farmers(6.3%and 3.7%respectively),but had no significant impact on the livelihood risk of rich farmers.(3)Compared with provincial protected areas,national protected areas had a greater impact on farmers’policy risk(17.6%vs.8.3%).Based on the above conclusions,this study proposed:First,to establish and improve the compensation policy of the nature reserves,and implement the"ecological compensation’’system with the state as the main body of compensation for the communities in the nature reserves.Second,to encourage farmers to carry out characteristic planting and breeding,and to participate in non-agricultural industries such as eco-tourism,so as to help farmers a

关 键 词：自然保护区 生计风险 似不相关回归 倾向得分匹配法 大熊猫 

分 类 号：F323.8[经济管理—产业经济] X36[环境科学与工程—环境工程]