东汉鎏金银璧形铜棺饰的图像与信仰  

Images and Belief of the Bi-Shaped Gold and Silver Plated Bronze Coffin Ornaments from the Eastern Han Dynasty

作　　者：苏奎 Su Kui

机构地区：[1]成都博物馆

出　　处：《四川文物》2021年第5期48-71,共24页Sichuan Cultural Relics

摘　　要：鎏金银璧形铜棺饰主要流行于重庆巫山一带东汉晚期的砖室墓当中,它们是在云阳一带流行的鎏金璧形铜棺饰基础上衍生而来的,采用了鎏金、鎏银、錾刻或者热煅等工艺,制作出了题材丰富的图像和铭文。这种铜棺饰可分为两类,甲类B型铜棺饰象征着月宫形象,它既可与象征着日宫形象的甲类A型铜棺饰组合,也可与象征着天阙形象的双阙形铜棺饰组合;乙类铜棺饰象征着日月合璧形象,通常是单独使用的。它们都是本地葬俗当中日月信仰和天宫观念的重要表现。这一特殊的地域性丧葬习俗在巫山地区的形成,既与本地浓厚的巫文化有关,又与来自长江上游地区移民带入的新技术和新观念有关。目前,甘肃和贵州地区发现的同类铜棺饰尚未见仿制的情形,它们应该都是由巫山地区传过去的。According to the available archaeological materials, Bi-shaped gold and silver plated bronze coffin ornaments were mostly seen in brick tombs of Late Eastern Han Dynasty in Wushan area, Chongqing. They were derived from the gilded Bi-shaped bronze coffin ornaments which were popular in Yunyang. They were made through multiple processes, such as hot forging, chisel engraving, gold plating and silver plating, creating images of rich themes including buildings, figures, animals and plants as well as inscriptions. They are considered to be rarely seen funerary arts.Our analysis has primarily revealed the image system and symbolic meanings of the Bi-shaped gold and silver plated bronze coffin ornaments, which have remained unrecognized for a long time. Amongst them, coffin ornaments of type Ⅰ B symbolized the Moon Palace, usually set on the rear end of a coffin. They could be used in combination with ornaments set on the front end of a coffin, either with type Ⅰ A ornaments which symbolized the Sun Palace, or with the double-Que-shaped ornaments symbolizing the heavenly watchtowers. In addition, type Ⅱ coffin ornaments symbolized the combination of the Sun and Moon, usually used alone on the front end of a coffin. They were all important manifestations of the belief of the sun and moon as well as the concept of Heavenly Palace in local burial customs.The formation of this distinctive regional funeral custom in Wushan area was related not only to the profound local culture of sorcery, but also to the new techniques and ideas brought by immigrants from the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. So far coffin ornaments of the same kind found in other areas(Gansu and Guizhou) were not imitations, they were undoubtedly introduced from the Wushan area.

关 键 词：东汉晚期 巫山 鎏金银璧形铜棺饰 日月形象 天宫观念 

分 类 号：K878.8[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] K234.2[历史地理—历史学]