欧盟海洋边界安全治理与启示:以海上非法移民为例  

The Governance of the EU's Maritime External Borders and Its Implications:A Case of Illegal Immigration at Sea

作　　者：关孔文 房乐宪[2] GUAN Kongwen;FANG Lexian(Beihang University,Beijing 100191,China;Renmin University of China,Beijng 100872,China)

机构地区：[1]北京航空航天大学马克思主义学院,北京100191 [2]中国人民大学欧洲问题研究中心,北京100872

出　　处：《太平洋学报》2021年第10期88-100,共13页Pacific Journal

基　　金：2020年度教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“多重危机背景下欧盟的全球战略及其对大国外交的含义研究”(20JJDGJW001)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：欧盟已将对其海洋外部边界的治理与管控纳入《欧盟海洋安全战略》范畴。“非法移民”或“难民”的涌入,不仅为欧盟社会、政治秩序造成负担,也因其常与海上跨境犯罪及非法走私等密切联系,对欧盟海洋安全构成威胁,迫使欧盟海洋战略由侧重经济发展转向危机管理。因此,在军事层面欧盟通过实施“索菲亚行动”,快速打击有关偷渡、人口贩卖等行为。在民事层面,扩大“欧洲边境管理局”的行动及职能范畴,充分利用国家间合作与超国家层面政策结合,克服国家层面共同外部边境治理和管控的不足。欧盟以此为基础,通过海上多重监管及信息交互系统的建构,突出军事和民事手段的结合。本文基于欧盟海洋外部边界安全治理面临的海上非法移民问题,着重分析欧盟相关军事和民用政策内涵及其联动,从短期、中期和长期目标评估欧盟相关政策的治理效果,并就其对中国完善相关海洋外部边境治理相关政策进行可能性的思考。The European Union has made clear the integration of the management and control of its maritime external borders into the scope of the“EU Maritime Security Strategy”.The influx of“illegal immigrants”or“refugees”has not only put a burden on the EU's social and political order,but also posed a certain threat to maritime security of the EU as it is often entangled with maritime cross-border crimes and illegal smuggling,which forces the EU to adjust its maritime strategy by shifting from economic development to crisis management.The EU has implemented“Operation Sophia”to quickly crack down on smuggling and human trafficking;at the civil level,actions include expanding the scope of operations and functions of the“European Border Agency(FRONTEX)”,and overcoming the lack of management and control over common external borders at the national level by combining inter-governmental cooperation with supranational policies.The combination of military and civil means is attained by the construction of multiple maritime supervision and information interaction systems.The paper focuses on the governance of the external border security of the EU and its challenges posed by illegal immigration from the sea,emphasizing the interaction between military and civil policies.It also evaluates the governance effects of relevant policies of the European Union by examining their short-term,mid-term and long-term goals,and discusses the possible inspiration the EU policies may provide for China's maritime external border governance mechanisms.

关 键 词：边境治理 欧盟海洋安全 海洋军事政策 海洋民事政策 非法移民 

分 类 号：D823[政治法律—政治学]