城市人力资本外部性的识别——基于工业企业生产率视角的研究  

Identifying human capital externalities in cities:An empirical study based on the perspective of manufacturing plant’s productivity

作　　者：王佳 徐玮 WANG Jia;XU Wei(Institute for Suzhong Development,Yangzhou University,Yangzhou 225009,P.R.China;School of Economics and Management,Wuhan Polytechnic University,Wuhan 430023,P.R.China)

机构地区：[1]扬州大学苏中发展研究院,江苏扬州225009 [2]武汉轻工大学经济与管理学院,湖北武汉430023

出　　处：《重庆大学学报（社会科学版）》2021年第5期13-29,共17页Journal of Chongqing University(Social Science Edition)

基　　金：江苏省社会科学基金项目“人力资本外部性视角下江苏制造业转型升级路径研究”(18EYD001);江苏高校哲学社会科学基金项目“人力资本外部性视角下的制造业生产率提升机制研究”(2018SJA1145);扬州大学科技创新培育基金项目“城市规模技能溢价与城市工资差距:理论机制与中国经验”(2019CXJ201)。

摘　　要：人力资本外部性的存在具有重要的现实意义,它是政府进行教育投资和人力资本投资的重要决策依据。文章从工业企业生产率视角识别城市人力资本外部性,基于中国工业企业微观数据、人口普查分县资料和地级市统计数据,考虑城市人力资本变量的内生性后,采用两阶段最小二乘法,实证研究城市人力资本对工业企业生产率的影响。研究发现:在控制企业自身的人力资本后,城市大专以上学历人口占比越高,工业企业的产出越高,人力资本的溢出效应显著,且人力资本正外部性主要存在于人口规模300万以上的大城市。从工业内部看,行业内人力资本正外部性随城市规模扩大逐渐增强,而行业外人力资本正外部性随城市规模扩大逐渐减弱。从企业异质性看,高新技术企业、非国有企业和大企业从城市人力资本提高中获得的正向溢出效应更大。此外,城市外商直接投资和地方政府财政支出越高,地理区位距离港口越远,越不利于工业企业产出的提高。文章的研究结论表明增加人力资本投资,促进人力资本结构升级,发挥大城市人力资本溢出效应对新时期经济可持续增长尤为重要。The existence of human capital externality has important practical significance.It is an important decision-making basis for the government to invest in education and human capital.This paper identifies human capital externality from the perspective of industrial plant’s productivity using the Chinese Industrial Enterprises database,Census of Population,and China Urban Statistical Yearbook.Considering the endogeneity of urban human capital,we used 2SLS estimation method to empirically study the impact of urban human capital on industrial plant’s productivity.We find that the output of industrial plant is significantly and positively correlated with the ratio of urban population with college degree or above after controlling for a plant’s own human capital.The positive externalities of urban human capital mainly exist in megacities with population more than 3 million.We also explore the human capital externality within manufacturing industry by dividing the human capital into two parts:intra-industry and other manufacturing industries,we find that the positive externality of intra-industry human capital will increase with the city size growing,while the positive externality from other manufacturing industries will decline with the city size growing.From the perspective of plant’s heterogeneity,we find that the productivity gains of hi-tech plants,non-state-owned plants and large plants generated by human capital spillover within cities are greater.In addition,the city’s FDI,government’s fiscal expenditure and distance to ports have negative effects on industrial plant’s productivity.The conclusion shows that it’s particularly important for sustainable economic growth in the new era to increase human capital investment,upgrade human capital structure and release human capital spillover effect in big cities.

关 键 词：人力资本 溢出效应 企业生产率 城市规模 异质性企业 

分 类 号：F061.5[经济管理—政治经济学] F425